TABLE 4—
Generalized Ordinal Logistic Regression Results for Medical Index Score Categories: National Survey on Drug Use and Health, United States, 2008–2010
| Medical Index Score Comparison | ≥ 1 vs 0, AOR (95% CI) | ≥ 2 vs 0–1, AOR (95% CI) | ≥ 3 vs 0–2, AOR (95% CI) |
| Gender | |||
| Male (Ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Female | 1.02 (0.98, 1.10) | 1.16** (1.10, 1.23) | 1.16** (1.07, 1.27) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White (Ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| African American | 1.13* (1.05, 1.23) | 0.82** (0.75, 0.91) | 0.65** (0.56, 0.76) |
| Hispanic | 0.59** (0.55, 0.64) | 0.46** (0.41, 0.52) | 0.40** (0.34, 0.46) |
| Other | 0.69** (0.63, 0.75) | 0.61** (0.53, 0.70) | 0.57** (0.47, 0.68) |
| Age group, y | |||
| 18–25 (Ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 26–34 | 1.27** (1.19, 1.35) | 1.59** (1.47, 1.72) | 1.84** (1.61, 2.10) |
| 35–49 | 2.05** (1.91, 2.19) | 2.67** (2.45, 2.92) | 3.95** (3.49, 4.47) |
| ≥ 50 | 4.61** (4.29, 4.96) | 5.35** (4.90, 5.84) | 8.06** (7.26, 8.94) |
| Education level | |||
| < high school (Ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| High school graduate | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | . . . | . . . |
| Some college | 1.11* (1.03, 1.21) | 1.30** (1.21, 1.40) | 1.38** (1.22, 1.56) |
| ≥ college graduate | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 1.12 (1.02, 1.22) | 1.14 (1.02, 1.28) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Widowed | 1.39** (1.20, 1.61) | 1.11 (0.97, 1.27) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) |
| Divorced | 1.08 (1.01, 1.14) | . . . | . . . |
| Never married | 0.92* (0.88, 0.97) | . . . | . . . |
| Employment status | |||
| Full time | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Part time | 1.05 (1.00, 1.11) | . . . | . . . |
| Unemployed | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | . . . | . . . |
| Other (including not in labor force) | 1.45** (1.36, 1.54) | 1.51** (1.39, 1.64) | 1.73** (1.58, 1.89) |
| Federal poverty levela | |||
| < 100% | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 100%–199% | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | . . . | . . . |
| > 199% | 0.98 (0.92, 1.06) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.05) | 0.83* (0.73, 0.93) |
| Health insurance coverage | |||
| Insured (Ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Uninsured < 3 y | 0.85** (0.79, 0.91) | . . . | . . . |
| Uninsured ≥ 3 y | 0.65** (0.60, 0.72) | 0.58** (0.51, 0.66) | 0.51** (0.40, 0.64) |
| SPDb | |||
| No SPD (Ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Past year | 1.78** (1.68, 1.89) | 1.99** (1.86, 2.14) | 2.47** (2.20, 2.78) |
| Dependence on nicotine | |||
| No dependence (Ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Past month | 0.93 (0.87, 1.00) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.15) | 1.00 (0.89, 1.13) |
| Alcohol abuse or dependence | |||
| No abuse or dependence (Ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Past-year abuse or dependence | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | . . . | . . . |
| Marijuana abuse or dependence | |||
| No abuse or dependence (Ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Past-year abuse or dependence | 0.94 (0.80, 1.10) | . . . | . . . |
| Abuse or dependence on other drugsc | |||
| No abuse or dependence (Ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Past-year abuse or dependence | 1.07 (0.91, 1.27) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.22) | 1.48* (1.11, 1.99) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; SPD = severe psychological distress. Analyses are based on the combined data from 110 455 participants in the 2008, 2009, and 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health who were aged ≥ 18 years with complete data on all covariates. Analyses were conducted using the gologit3 add-on program for Stata and incorporated survey weights, stratification, and clustering to control for the multistage sampling design. Dashes indicate that the variable met the parallel lines assumption and that the estimated adjusted OR was the same as at the previous level of the dependent variable. Overall model significance: F(57,4) = 736.40, P < .001.
Federal poverty level is based on US Census definition.
Based on a score of ≥ 13 on the K6 screening scale, indicating SPD indicative of a serious mental illness and at least moderate functional impairment.
Drug classes included are hallucinogens, inhalants, tranquilizers, cocaine, opiates, analgesics, stimulants, and sedatives.
*P < .01; **P < .001.