TABLE 2—
Multivariate Hazard Ratios for Associations Between Race, Socioeconomic Status Indicators, and All-Cause Mortality: Southern Community Cohort Study, Southeastern United States, 2002–2009
| Model 1, Adjusted HRa (95% CI) | Model 2, Adjusted HRb (95% CI) | |
| Racec | ||
| Black | 0.84 (0.79, 0.89) | 0.78 (0.73, 0.84) |
| White (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Annual household income, $d | ||
| < 15 000 | 3.79 (3.26, 4.41) | 1.76 (1.45, 2.12) |
| 15 000–24 999 | 2.46 (2.10, 2.89) | 1.48 (1.22, 1.78) |
| 25 000–49 999 | 1.61 (1.36, 1.90) | 1.20 (0.99, 1.45) |
| ≥ 50 000 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Neighborhood deprivation indexe | ||
| Quartile 4 (most deprived) | 1.73 (1.55, 1.92) | 1.26 (1.12, 1.42) |
| Quartile 3 | 1.42 (1.27, 1.59) | 1.19 (1.06, 1.35) |
| Quartile 2 | 1.34 (1.19, 1.51) | 1.17 (1.03, 1.33) |
| Quartile 1 (least deprived) (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Education | ||
| < 9 y | 1.20 (1.10, 1.30) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.07) |
| 9–11 y | 1.22 (1.15, 1.30) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.13) |
| High school/GED/vocational (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Some college/junior college | 0.91 (0.85, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.07) |
| College | 0.63 (0.57, 0.70) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) |
| Marital status | ||
| Married/living as married (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Separated/divorced | 1.50 (1.41, 1.60) | 1.16 (1.07, 1.24) |
| Widowed | 1.53 (1.39, 1.67) | 1.18 (1.07, 1.30) |
| Single, never married | 1.67 (1.55, 1.80) | 1.21 (1.11, 1.32) |
| NPB occupational status score | ||
| Quartile 4 (highest) (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.20 (1.10, 1.30) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) |
| Quartile 2 | 1.27 (1.17, 1.38) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) |
| Quartile 1 (lowest) | 1.39 (1.28, 1.51) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.11) |
| No. of close friendsf | ||
| 0 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–2 | 0.87 (0.79, 0.95) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) |
| ≥ 3 | 0.71 (0.66, 0.77) | 0.88 (0.81, 0.97) |
| Health insurance coverage | ||
| Private (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| None | 2.12 (1.92, 2.34) | 1.38 (1.24, 1.55) |
| Medicare < age 65 y | 3.55 (3.20, 3.94) | 2.17 (1.92, 2.45) |
| Medicaid | 3.29 (2.96, 3.65) | 1.90 (1.68, 2.14) |
| Medicare ≥ age 65 y | 1.90 (1.64, 2.18) | 1.36 (1.16, 1.59) |
| Military | 2.29 (1.91, 2.76) | 1.72 (1.41, 2.10) |
| Other | 1.83 (1.40, 2.40) | 1.38 (1.03, 1.86) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; GED = general educational development (high school equivalent); HR = hazard ratio; NPB = Nam–Powers–Boyd.
Hazard ratio from a Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for gender, race, and enrollment type (community health center or general population).
Hazard ratio from a Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for gender, race, and enrollment type (community health center or general population), plus all of the covariates shown in Table 2, smoking, body mass index (BMI), BMI at age 21 years, physical activity (in metabolic equivalent hours per day), and sedentary time (number of hours sitting per day).
For race, there were no statistically significant interactions with enrollment source (interaction P = .92), household income (interaction P = .31), or neighborhood deprivation (interaction P = .65).
For household income, there were no statistically significant interactions with enrollment source (interaction P = .13), race (interaction P = .31), or neighborhood deprivation (interaction P = .6).
For neighborhood deprivation, there were no statistically significant interactions with enrollment source (interaction P = .8), race (interaction P = .65), or household income (interaction P = .6).
Participants were asked the following question: “How many close friends or relatives would help you with your emotional problems or feelings if you needed it?”