TABLE 4—
Multivariate Hazard Ratios for Associations Between Individual- and Neighborhood-Level Socioeconomic Status and Cause-Specific Mortality: Southern Community Cohort Study, Southeastern United States, 2002–2009
| Cardiovascular Disease Mortality (n = 1869), HRa (95% CI) | Cancer Mortality (n = 1435), HRa (95% CI) | Mortality From All Other Nonexternal Causes (n = 2076), HRa (95% CI) | |
| Race | |||
| Black | 0.88 (0.78, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.16) | 0.70 (0.62, 0.78) |
| White (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Annual household income, $ | |||
| < 15 000 | 2.08 (1.45, 2.98) | 1.08 (0.78, 1.50) | 2.38 (1.62, 3.49) |
| 15 000–24 999 | 1.87 (1.30, 2.68) | 1.00 (0.72, 1.38) | 1.79 (1.22, 2.64) |
| 25 000–49 999 | 1.53 (1.06, 2.20) | 0.80 (0.57, 1.11) | 1.43 (0.96, 2.12) |
| ≥ 50 000 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Education | |||
| < 9 y | 0.99 (0.84, 1.18) | 1.01 (0.82, 1.22) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) |
| 9–11 y | 1.03 (0.90, 1.17) | 1.09 (0.94, 1.27) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.23) |
| High school/GED/vocational (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Some college/junior college | 0.99 (0.85, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.88, 1.24) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.11) |
| College | 0.82 (0.66, 1.03) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.31) | 0.89 (0.71, 1.10) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/living as married (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Separated/divorced | 1.09 (0.96, 1.24) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.18) | 1.26 (1.11, 1.43) |
| Widowed | 1.03 (0.87, 1.23) | 1.18 (0.98, 1.43) | 1.29 (1.08, 1.53) |
| Single, never married | 1.13 (0.97, 1.31) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.35) | 1.36 (1.18, 1.58) |
| NPB occupational status score | |||
| Quartile 4 (highest) (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.91 (0.77, 1.07) | 1.17 (0.97, 1.41) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) |
| Quartile 2 | 0.89 (0.76, 1.04) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.36) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.09) |
| Quartile 1 (lowest) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.04) | 1.18 (0.97, 1.43) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.17) |
| No. of close friendsb | |||
| 0 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–2 | 0.95 (0.80, 1.14) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.36) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.13) |
| ≥ 3 | 0.81 (0.69, 0.96) | 1.14 (0.92, 1.41) | 0.87 (0.75, 1.02) |
| Health insurance coverage | |||
| Private (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| None | 1.57 (1.27, 1.93) | 1.35 (1.09, 1.68) | 1.37 (1.11, 1.69) |
| Medicare < age 65 y | 2.43 (1.94, 3.04) | 1.49 (1.16, 1.91) | 2.75 (2.21, 3.44) |
| Medicaid | 2.08 (1.66, 2.61) | 1.40 (1.10, 1.78) | 2.35 (1.88, 2.93) |
| Medicare ≥ age 65 y | 1.64 (1.24, 2.17) | 1.10 (0.82, 1.47) | 1.46 (1.08, 1.96) |
| Military | 1.83 (1.26, 2.65) | 1.48 (1.00, 2.20) | 2.03 (1.42, 2.91) |
| Other | 1.66 (0.98, 2.80) | 0.94 (0.48, 1.85) | 1.70 (1.03, 2.80) |
| Neighborhood deprivation index | |||
| Quartile 4 (most deprived) | 1.28 (1.03, 1.58) | 1.29 (1.01, 1.64) | 1.31 (1.06, 1.61) |
| Quartile 3 | 1.23 (0.98, 1.54) | 1.32 (1.02, 1.69) | 1.20 (0.96, 1.49) |
| Quartile 2 | 1.19 (0.94, 1.51) | 1.15 (0.88, 1.50) | 1.20 (0.95, 1.50) |
| Quartile 1 (least deprived) (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Note. HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; GED = general educational development (high school equivalent); NPB = Nam–Powers–Boyd. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) death was defined as International Classification of Diseases (9th edition; ICD-9) codes 390–459 and 798 and ICD-10 codes I00–I9.32,33 Cancer death was defined as ICD-9 codes 140–239 and ICD-10 codes C00–C97. All other nonexternal causes of death were non-CVD and noncancer deaths that excluded external causes.
Hazard ratios derived from 3 separate Cox proportional hazards models (one for each cause of death) adjusting for all covariates shown in Table 2 in addition to gender, race, enrollment type (community health center or general population), smoking, body mass index (BMI), BMI at age 21 years, physical activity (in metabolic equivalent hours per day), and sedentary time (number of hours sitting per day).
Participants were asked the following question: “How many close friends or relatives would help you with your emotional problems or feelings if you needed it?”