Tbx4 is upregulated in Shox2−/− forelimbs. A: Whole mount in situ hybridisation on WT and Shox2−/− embryos using a Tbx4 RNA probe shows no altered expression of Tbx4 in E10.5 Shox2−/− forelimbs (b), but an upregulation of Tbx4 in E11.5 (d), E12.5 (f), and E13.5 (h) forelimbs compared to the WT (a, c, e, g), indicated by arrows; n = 3 independent stainings for every stage, each performed with 2–3 littermates per genotype. B: Quantification by qRT-PCR using WT and Shox2−/− limb tissue. Shox2 deficiency results in a significant increase of Tbx4 mRNA (∼60– 70%) in E11.5 (b), E12.5 (c), and E13.5 (d) forelimbs. Hindlimb expression is largely unaffected at E10.5 to E12.5 (a–c) and only slightly elevated at E13.5 (d). Significance is indicated by asterisks: *P ≤ 0.05; n = 3 independent experiments for every stage, each performed with 2–7 littermates per genotype; grey bars indicate relative Tbx4 mRNA levels in WT, black bars relative Tbx4 mRNA levels in Shox2−/−.