Table 3.
Baseline characteristics and clinical and laboratory parameters of new cases of culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis with and without diabetes mellitus after adjustment for age
| Characteristic | PTB patients < 50 years | PTB patients ≥ 50 years | DM vs. non-DM patients (all ages) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DM | Non-DM | p-Value | DM | Non-DM | p-Value | OR* (95% CI) | p-Value | |||||
| n | No. (%) | n | No. (%) | n | No. (%) | n | No. (%) | |||||
| Baseline characteristic | ||||||||||||
| Male sex | 17 | 17 (100) | 146 | 102 (69.9) | 0.007 | 20 | 11 (55.0) | 44 | 41 (93.2) | 0.001 | 1.129 (0.492–2.594) | 0.774 |
| Married | 17 | 9 (52.9) | 146 | 90 (61.6) | 0.665 | 20 | 14 (70.0) | 44 | 35 (79.5) | 0.526 | 0.657 (0.303–1.425) | 0.288 |
| Illiterate or primary school education only | 15 | 8 (53.3) | 135 | 61 (45.2) | 0.743 | 18 | 17 (94.4) | 41 | 34 (82.9) | 0.414 | 1.742 (0.683–4.446) | 0.245 |
| Smoking history | 16 | 13 (81.3) | 145 | 91 (62.8) | 0.233 | 20 | 11 (55.0) | 44 | 38 (86.4) | 0.010 | 1.306 (0.601–2.839) | 0.501 |
| Alcohol consumption | 16 | 14 (87.5) | 146 | 106 (72.6) | 0.244 | 20 | 12 (60.0) | 44 | 31 (70.5) | 0.566 | 1.137 (0.490–2.638) | 0.765 |
| Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis | 17 | 0 | 146 | 4 (2.7) | 1.000 | 20 | 1 (5.0) | 44 | 1 (2.3) | 0.531 | 0.941 (0.088–10.094) | 0.960 |
| Clinical presentation | ||||||||||||
| Cough | 17 | 14 (82.4) | 145 | 137 (94.5) | 0.093 | 19 | 16 (84.2) | 44 | 41 (93.2) | 0.355 | 0.324 (0.106–0.986) | 0.047 |
| Dyspnoea | 17 | 11 (64.7) | 145 | 98 (67.6) | 1.000 | 19 | 15 (78.9) | 44 | 26 (59.1) | 0.219 | 1.416 (0.638–3.142) | 0.392 |
| Anorexia | 17 | 9 (52.9) | 145 | 66 (45.5) | 0.746 | 19 | 15 (78.9) | 44 | 21 (47.7) | 0.043 | 2.148 (1.001–4.607) | 0.050 |
| Fever | 17 | 10 (58.8) | 145 | 107 (73.8) | 0.251 | 19 | 12 (63.2) | 44 | 28 (63.6) | 1.000 | 0.697 (0.326–1.489) | 0.352 |
| Chest pain | 17 | 7 (41.2) | 145 | 88 (60.7) | 0.199 | 19 | 10 (52.6) | 44 | 19 (43.2) | 0.678 | 0.789 (0.381–1.636) | 0.525 |
| Haemoptysis | 17 | 11 (64.7) | 145 | 58 (40.0) | 0.091 | 19 | 5 (26.3) | 44 | 7 (15.9) | 0.485 | 2.388 (1.061–5.376) | 0.036 |
| Body weight decrease > 5% | 14 | 9 (63.4) | 135 | 95 (70.4) | 0.761 | 15 | 13 (86.7) | 32 | 20 (62.5) | 0.170 | 1.420 (0.569–3.543) | 0.452 |
| Laboratory parameter | ||||||||||||
| Haemoglobin level < 12 g/dl | 11 | 6 (54.5) | 88 | 48 (54.5) | 1.000 | 11 | 9 (81.8) | 28 | 16 (57.1) | 0.266 | 1.601 (0.599–4.274) | 0.348 |
| WBC count > 10 × 103/μl | 11 | 5 (45.5) | 88 | 63 (71.6) | 0.094 | 11 | 4 (36.4) | 28 | 15 (53.6) | 0.541 | 0.399 (0.153–1.038) | 0.059 |
| Sodium level < 135 mmol/l | 7 | 4 (57.1) | 52 | 22 (42.3) | 0.688 | 7 | 6 (85.7) | 19 | 13 (68.4) | 0.629 | 2.112 (0.572–7.792) | 0.262 |
| Creatinine level > 1.2 mg/dl | 9 | 0 | 67 | 2 (3.0) | 1.000 | 8 | 3 (37.5) | 25 | 2 (8.0) | 0.078 | 3.873 (0.710–21.131) | 0.118 |
| Albumin level < 3.5 g/dl | 10 | 4 (40.0) | 102 | 55 (53.9) | 0.513 | 12 | 8 (66.7) | 29 | 21 (72.4) | 0.721 | 0.649 (0.245–1.716) | 0.383 |
| AST level > 40 U/l | 11 | 2 (18.2) | 104 | 23 (22.1) | 1.000 | 12 | 3 (25.0) | 30 | 11 (36.7) | 0.719 | 0.665 (0.221–2.000) | 0.468 |
| ALT level > 40 U/l | 11 | 3 (27.3) | 104 | 16 (15.4) | 0.387 | 13 | 3 (23.1) | 30 | 10 (33.3) | 0.720 | 1.073 (0.382–3.016) | 0.893 |
| Cavity on chest radiograph | 16 | 7 (43.8) | 129 | 45 (34.9) | 0.674 | 18 | 5 (27.8) | 38 | 10 (26.3) | 1.000 | 1.282 (0.572–2.870) | 0.546 |
| Sputum AFB grading 3+ | 17 | 5 (29.4) | 146 | 32 (21.9) | 0.542 | 20 | 4 (20.0) | 44 | 12 (27.3) | 0.755 | 1.026 (0.443–2.377) | 0.952 |
*
Mantel–Haenszel (adjusted) common odds ratio estimate. PTB, pulmonary tuberculosis; DM, diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; WBC, white blood cell; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AFB, acid-fast bacilli.