Table 1.

Risk categories for invasive pneumococcal disease included in the review^*

Immunocompetent at-risk groups

Immunocompromised at-risk groups

Chronic/cyanotic heart disease Chronic liver disease Chronic renal disease Chronic respiratory disease (e.g. cystic fibrosis) Chronic lung disease/bronchopulmonary dysplasia Chronic/severe asthma Recurrent pulmonary infections Preorgan-transplant patients CNS malformations, cerebrospinal leaks, liquor shunts Cochlear implant recipients Metabolic disease (e.g. diabetes) Coeliac disease Care home residents/permanent institutionalisation because of illness Smoking/exposure Prematurity

Congenital or primary immunodeficiency (e.g. agammaglobulinemia, SCID, CVID, complement deficiency [particularly early component deficiencies: C1, C2, C3, C4]) Secondary immunodeficiency (e.g. HIV) Bone marrow, haematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients Neoplastic diseases (HL, NHL, lymphomas, leukaemias, other diseases of the blood-forming organs) Asplenia or dysfunction of the spleen, including sickle-cell disease Iatrogenic immunosuppression Chromosomal aberration (e.g. Down's syndrome) Nephrotic disease

^*Definition of some individual risk categories (e.g. chronic/severe asthma) may vary between publications and between guidelines.

CNS, central nervous system; CVID, common variable immunodeficiency; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HL, Hodgkin lymphoma; IPD, invasive pneumococcal disease; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma; SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency.