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. 2014 Oct 30;27(6):528–534. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000110

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© 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License, where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

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Schematic representation of new hepatitis B virus therapeutic strategies. (a) Direct inhibition (DNA/RNA/Protein). (b) Boosting HBV-specific adaptive immunity. (c) Boosting innate immunity. Ab, antibody; APC, antigen-presenting cell; CAR, chimeric antigen receptors; cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA; DC, dendritic cell; HBV, hepatitis B virus; IFN, interferon; LTβ, lymphotoxin-β; NTCP, sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide; TALEN, transcription activator-like effector nucleases; TLR, toll-like receptor.