TABLE 3. Effects of dietary tocopherol on lung cancer risk, by passive smoking status, Shanghai Women’s Health Study (1997-2010).
| Passive smoking status * |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary intake (mg/day) | Low | High | |||
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|
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| Cases | HR (95% CI)† | Cases | HR (95% CI)† | P interaction § | |
| Total Tocopherol | 0.59 | ||||
| < 11.01 | 155 | 1.00 (ref) | 45 | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 11.01-14.87 | 110 | 0.89 (0.67-1.20) | 42 | 0.80 (0.51-1.27) | |
| ≥ 14.87 | 97 | 0.91 (0.63-1.32) | 32 | 0.53 (0.29-0.97) | |
| P for trend | 0.58 | 0.04 | |||
| Total Tocopherol | 0.53 | ||||
| <14.00 (AI) | 250 | 1.00 (ref) | 80 | 1.00 (ref) | |
| ≥ 14.00 (AI) | 112 | 0.85 (0.63-1.15) | 39 | 0.62 (0.39-0.99) | |
| α-tocopherol | 0.08 | ||||
| <3.39 | 170 | 1.00 (ref) | 40 | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 3.39-4.66 | 95 | 0.77 (0.57-1.04) | 47 | 1.14(0.72-1.81) | |
| ≥ 4.66 | 97 | 0.99 (0.69-1.43) | 32 | 0.74 (0.41-1.36) | |
| P for trend | 0.77 | 0.36 | |||
| β and γ-tocopherol | 0.48 | ||||
| <3.35 | 151 | 1.00 (ref) | 42 | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 3.35-4.89 | 109 | 0.91 (0.69-1.21) | 46 | 0.96 (0.62-1.50) | |
| ≥ 4.89 | 102 | 0.88 (0.63-1.24) | 31 | 0.60 (0.34-1.06) | |
| P for trend | 0.46 | 0.08 | |||
| δ-tocopherol | 0.86 | ||||
| <2.86 | 151 | 1.00 (ref) | 46 | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 2.86-4.23 | 108 | 0.85 (0.64-1.13) | 39 | 0.78 (0.50-1.23) | |
| ≥ 4.23 | 103 | 0.85 (0.60-1.19) | 34 | 0.63 (0.37-1.09) | |
| P for trend | 0.32 | 0.10 | |||
| Vitamin E supplements ‡ | 0.29 | ||||
| No | 234 | 1.00 (ref) | 79 | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 128 | 1.07 (0.76-1.50) | 40 | 2.06 (1.31-3.23) | |
| Multivitamin supplements ‡ | 0.59 | ||||
| No | 241 | 1.00 (ref) | 96 | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 121 | 1.33 (0.98-1.82) | 23 | 0.84 (0.50-1.43) | |
AI = adequate intake, HR = hazard ratios, 95% CI = 95% confidence intervals
Passive smoking: Low = never, or exposure to husband or working place. High = both husband and working place tobacco smoke exposure.
The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by using Cox proportional hazard models with adjustment for age, average intake of total energy and the calcium-to-magnesium (Ca: Mg) ratio, ever consumption of tea, and ever use of vitamin E and multivitamin supplements.
Further adjusted for total dietary tocopherol and vitamin supplements use (A, B, C, calcium, and other).
Pinteraction was calculated by introducing an interaction term between the exposures and the status exposed to passive smoking in the regression model.