Table 3.
Sociodemographic and HIV Management Associations with HIV-Related Stigma
| Univariate Associations with Stigma Mean (SD) |
p value | Standardized Coefficients Beta |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 20.93 (8.49) | 0.09 | ||
| Female | 23.21 (9.25) | |||
| Age category | ||||
| 18–25 years | 25.43 (9.49) | 0.172 | ||
| 26–44 years | 21.94 (8.67) | |||
| ≥45 years | 20.84 (8.63) | |||
| Education level (n = 168) | ||||
| ≤ High School Diploma | 23.19 (8.82) | 0.012 | ||
| > High School Diploma | 20.13 (8.41) | |||
| Race | ||||
| African American/Other Minority | 22.72 (8.76) | 0.004 | ||
| Caucasian | 18.76 (8.09) | |||
| Sexual Orientation (n = 100) | ||||
| MSM | 20.04 (8.20) | 0.071 | Ref | 0.025 |
| MSW/WSM | 23.24 (9.27) | 0.357 | ||
| Years with HIV (n = 194) | ||||
| 0–5 years | 22.31 (8.86) | 0.201 | ||
| 6–10 years | 23.39 (9.46) | |||
| >10 years | 20.68 (8.32) | |||
| Overall Health Status | ||||
| Excellent-good | 20.41 (8.34) | 0.001 | ||
| Fair-poor | 25.09 (8.81) | |||
| Current cART prescription (n = 165) | 21.82 (8.77) | 0.603 | ||
| HIV Viral Load > 400 copies/mL | 21.80 (8.50) | 0.874 | ||
| CD4 cell count, cells/mm3 | 0.845 | |||
| <200 | 22.05 (8.94) | |||
| 200–499 | 21.93 (8.48) | |||
| >500 | 21.24 (9.01) | |||
| Current Smokers | 23.02 (8.75) | 0.022 | ||
| Non-Smokers | 20.18 (8.55) | |||
| Distress Symptoms | ||||
| PHQ-9 Depressive Symptoms | ||||
| No-Mild Depressive Symptoms (PHQ-9 <15) | 20.51 (8.49) | Ref | ||
| Moderate- Severe Depressive Symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥15) | 26.28 (8.82) | 0.002 | ||
| GAD-7 Anxiety Symptoms | ||||
| No-Mild GAD Symptoms (GAD-7 <10) | 19.90 (8.30) | Ref | Ref | |
| Moderate-Severe GAD Symptoms (GAD-7 ≥10) | 26.65 (8.47) | 0.001 | 0.367 | 0.001 |
| Current DIS Diagnoses (within 12 months) | ||||
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 24.44 (8.90) | 0.07 | ||
| No GAD Diagnosis | 21.26 (8.67) | Ref | ||
| Agoraphobia | 26.44 (8.02) | 0.001 | ||
| No Agoraphobia Diagnosis | 20.81 (8.61) | Ref | ||
| Major Depressive Episode | 22.00 (8.29) | 0.712 | ||
| No Major Depressive Episode Diagnosis | 21.53 (8.88) | Ref | ||
| Alcohol Dependence | 24.79 (8.12) | 0.03 | ||
| No Alcohol Dependence Diagnosis | 21.17 (8.86) | Ref | ||
| Cocaine Dependence | 22.92 (8.48) | 0.476 | ||
| No Cocaine Dependence Diagnosis | 21.55 (8.82) | Ref | ||
| PTSD Disorder | 24.70 (8.84) | 0.089 | ||
| No PTSD Diagnosis | 21.36 (8.78) | Ref | ||
| Pain Disorder | 23.96 (8.84) | 0.002 | ||
| No Pain Disorder Diagnosis | 20.04 (8.33) | Ref |
PHQ9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9; GAD= Generalized Anxiety Disorder; DIS= Diagnostic Interview Schedule; MSM= men who have sex with men; MSW= men who have sex with women; WSM= women who have sex with men