Fig. 3.

Simulations of the scaled model, described by Eqs. (9)–(11), averaged over a heterogeneous population of individuals generated by sampling ER-stress-related parameters, {a_e, k_e, a_u, k_u}, from the values and ranges listed in Table 1 using LHS method. The 10-year time evolution (black lines) of β (A), f(β) (B) and E_r(β) (C) is displayed. Error bars (gray lines) in each panel represent the standard deviation at various time points. As expected, the decline in beta-cell number induces a gradual increase in both beta-cell renewal (neogenesis/proliferation) and ER-stress.