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. 2014 Sep 2;4(11):2115–2124. doi: 10.1534/g3.114.014001

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Copyright © 2014 Sattler et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The monolignol biosynthetic pathway in sorghum based on consensus models from dicot and monocot plants (Vanholme et al. 2013). The enzymatic steps (gray) are as follows: phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL); cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H); 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL); hydroxycinnamoyl CoA:shikimate transferase (HCT); p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H); caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE); caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT); cinnamyl CoA reductase (CRR); ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H); caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT); and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). The bmr2, bmr6, and bmr12 mutants are impaired in 4CL, COMT, and CAD enzymatic activities, respectively.