Table 1.
Demographic data of 1648 Nepalese adult men and women according to household fuel type
| Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomass | Non-biomass | p | Biomass | Non-biomass | p | |
| n | 382 | 380 | 463 | 423 | ||
| Age (years); mean (SD) | 35.7 (17.1) | 35.2 (15.1) | 0.612 | 36.1 (17.1) | 34.5 (15.1) | 0.076 |
| Height (cm); mean (SD) | 162.3 (7.4) | 166.1 (6.8) | <0.001 | 149.8 (5.8) | 153.0 (6.2) | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg); mean (SD) | 52.6 (8.2) | 61.9 (10.2) | <0.001 | 46.2 (7.2) | 56.0 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2); n (%) | ||||||
| <18.5 | 106 (27.8) | 58 (15.3) | <0.001 | 111 (24.0) | 38 (9.0) | <0.001 |
| 18.5–24.99 | 258 (67.5) | 233 (61.3) | 314 (67.8) | 228 (53.9) | ||
| ≥25 | 18 (4.7) | 89 (23.4) | 38 (8.2) | 157 (37.1) | ||
| Educational level; n (%) | ||||||
| Undergraduate or higher | 16 (4.2) | 173 (45.5) | <0.001 | 3 (0.7) | 95 (22.5) | <0.001 |
| Up to 12 years of formal education | 51 (13.4) | 83 (21.8) | 24 (5.2) | 94 (22.2) | ||
| Up to 10 years of formal education | 76 (19.9) | 54 (14.2) | 42 (9.1) | 56 (13.2) | ||
| <10 years of formal education | 174 (45.6) | 60 (15.8) | 143 (30.9) | 94 (22.2) | ||
| Illiterate | 65 (17.0) | 10 (2.6) | 251 (54.2) | 84 (19.9) | ||
| Farmer; n (%) | 357 (93.7) | 59 (15.5) | <0.001 | 441 (95.7) | 81 (19.2) | <0.001 |
| Monthly household income (Rs*); mean (SD) | 6173 (8486) | 21782 (19143) | <0.001 | 6452 (8417) | 22977 (22839) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status; n (%) | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 210 (55.0) | 247 (65.0) | <0.001 | 299 (64.6) | 385 (91.0) | <0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 30 (7.9) | 57 (15.0) | 51 (11.0) | 23 (5.4) | ||
| Current smoker | 142 (37.2) | 76 (20.0) | 113 (24.4) | 15 (3.6) | ||
| Age started smoking (years); n (%) | ||||||
| <11 | 28 (16.3) | 10 (7.5) | <0.001 | 46 (28.0) | 8 (21.1) | 0.792 |
| 11-15 | 47 (27.3) | 8 (6.0) | 28 (17.1) | 8 (21.1) | ||
| 16-20 | 50 (29.1) | 53 (39.8) | 53 (32.3) | 12 (31.6) | ||
| >20 | 47 (27.3) | 62 (46.6) | 37 (22.6) | 10 (26.3) | ||
| Environmental tobacco smoke exposure; n (%) | 291 (76.2) | 194 (51.1) | <0.001 | 354 (76.5) | 167 (39.5) | <0.001 |
| ≥10 years of current fuel use; n (%) | 317 (83.0) | 173 (45.5) | <0.001 | 393 (84.9) | 187 (44.2) | <0.001 |
*Nepalese Rupees (1 US$ ≈ 100 Rs).