Table 3.
Results for primary and secondary outcomes
| Outcomes | Control group, N = 475 | Intervention group, N = 391 | Difference: intervention – control (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-care activities, mean (sd) score | ||||
| Physical activity | 4.0 (2.6) | 3.9 (2.3) | -0.25 (-1.13 – 0.63) | 0.574 |
| Use of diet plan | 4.8 (2.2) | 4.6 (2.1) | -0.08 (-0.69 – 0.53) | 0.802 |
| Use of medication | 6.9 (0.9) | 6.8 (0.8) | 0.01 (-0.13 – 0.15) | 0.897 |
| Foot care | 5.7 (1.8) | 5.5 (2.1) | -0.14 (-0.46 – 0.17) | 0.380 |
| Smoking, n/N (%) | 99/483 (20.5) | 78/409 (19.1) | -0.4 (-3.6 to 2.8) | 0.800 |
| Psychological factors, mean (sd) score | ||||
| Self-efficacy | 3.7 (0.6) | 3.7 (0.6) | -0.03 (-0.19 – 0.13) | 0.735 |
| Internal locus of control | 4.8 (0.5) | 4.8 (0.5) | 0.02 (-0.09 – 0.13) | 0.711 |
| External locus of control | 4.5 (0.6) | 4.4 (0.6) | 0.08 (-0.24 – 0.19) | 0.283 |
| Chance locus of control | 3.8 (1.1) | 3.6 (1,1) | -0.18 (-0.56 – 0.19) | 0.344 |
| Clinical measurements, mean (sd) | ||||
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 71 | 68 | ||
| HbA1c,% | 8.8 (2.2) | 8.4 (2.0) | 0.01 (-0.27 – 0.28) | 0.967 |
| Weight, kg | 83.5 (18.3) | 83.8 (20.2) | -1.01 (-3.32 – 1.30) | 0.392 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 103.1 (13.1) | 103.6 (15.5) | -0.72 (-2.4 – 0.94) | 0.396 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 146.1 (24.6) | 143.1 (24.2) | -4.65 (-9.18 – -0.12) | 0.044 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 88.2 (12.8) | 85.0 (11.9) | -3.30 (-5.35 - -1.26) | 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 4.9 (1.2) | 4.8 (1.1) | -0.13 (-0.27 – 0.01) | 0.066 |
| Quality-of-life measurements, mean (sd) score | ||||
| Physical functioning | 26.9 (6.0) | 26.4 (6.1) | -0.34 (-1.87- 1.20) | 0.668 |
| Role functioning | 79.1 (26.4) | 81.7 (25.6) | 2.05 (-3.95 – 8.05) | 0.503 |
| Social functioning | 63.7 (30.4) | 63.2 (30.8) | -0.34 (-10.89 – 10.21) | 0.950 |
| Mental health | 60.2 (13.2) | 60.1 (13.7) | -0.08 (-3.86-3.70) | 0.966 |
| General health | 60.0 (11.4) | 58.8 (10.8) | -1.24 (-3.03 – 0.57) | 0.179 |
| Pain | 56.0 (30.5) | 57.7 (29.9) | 0.06 (-5.96- 6.08) | 0.984 |
The mean values for control and intervention in Table3 are the unweighted mean values of the participants who completed the follow-up, whereas the differences reported use the weighted means as per the analysis model.