Table 4.

Absolute risks (per 10 000 live births) and adjusted odds ratios for specific heart anomalies in children with first-trimester exposure to unmedicated maternal depression and antidepressant medications (n = 349 127 children, 2646 with heart anomalies)

MCAs	No depression	Depression*		SSRIs alone		TCAs alone
	n = 325 294	n = 13 432		n = 7683		n = 2428
	n/10 000	n/10 000	aOR (95% CI)**	n/10 000	aOR (95% CI)**	n/10 000	aOR (95% CI)**
Heart
Septal defect***	47	51	1.09 (0.86–1.39)	43	0.89 (0.63–1.27)	49	0.98 (0.55–1.73)
ASD	10	9	0.85 (0.48–1.51)	18	1.68 (0.98–2.91)	16	1.43 (0.54–3.83)
VSD	33	36	1.09 (0.81–1.45)	21	0.63 (0.38–1.03)	33	0.93 (0.46–1.87)
RVOTD	3	5	1.58 (0.73–3.40)	8	2.22 (0.98–5.03)	4	1.19 (0.17–8.23)
LVOTD	1	1	1.59 (0.36–7.16)	1	1.50 (0.20–11.24)	4	4.72 (0.63–35.25)
Other****	33	40	1.20 (0.90–1.58)	44	1.27 (0.90–1.80)	33	0.94 (0.43–2.04)

^*Diagnosed in the mother in the year before conception up to the end of the first trimester, but with no antidepressant drug prescriptions.

^**Odds ratio compared with children born to mothers without clinically recognised depression, adjusted for maternal age at the end of pregnancy, year of childbirth, Townsend deprivation quintile, maternal smoking history, body mass index before pregnancy, and maternal diabetes, hypertension, asthma, and epilepsy in the year before conception or during pregnancy.

^***Atrial, ventricular, or combined septal defects.

^****Transposition of great vessels, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, coarctation of the aorta, Ebstein's anomaly, tricuspid atresia and stenosis, patent ductus arterosis, single ventricle, tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus.