Table 1.
Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals of the association between immigrants' maternal region of birth and adverse maternal outcomes in the six receiving countries combined (Australia, Canada, Denmark, Spain, Sweden and the USA)
| pre-eclampsia (n = 3 031 399) | pre-eclampsia with prolonged hospital stay (n = 2 774 517)** | Eclampsia (n = 3 031 399) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases per 1000 deliveries | OR (95% CI)* | AOR (95% CI)* | Cases per 1000 deliveries | OR (95% CI)* | AOR (95% CI)* | Cases per 1000 deliveries | OR (95% CI)* | AOR (95% CI)* | |
| Fixed effects Maternal birthplace | |||||||||
| Western Europe | 18.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 3.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Eastern Europe | 18.5 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | 2.7 | 0.84 (0.72, 0.99) | 0.85 (0.72, 0.99) | 0.3 | 0.62 (0.42, 0.92) | 0.61 (0.41, 0.90) |
| Latin America & Caribbean | 27.7 | 1.52 (1.46, 1.58) | 1.63 (1.57, 1.69) | 5.2 | 1.62 (1.47, 1.79) | 1.76 (1.59, 1.94) | 0.7 | 1.40 (1.14, 1.73) | 1.55 (1.26, 1.91) |
| South Asia | 17.8 | 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 3.3 | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | 1.12 (0.99, 1.26) | 0.4 | 1.02 (0.79, 1.31) | 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) |
| East-Southeast Asia | 17.2 | 0.93 (0.90, 0.97) | 0.90 (0.87, 0.94) | 3.2 | 0.98 (0.89, 1.09) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.07) | 0.5 | 0.82 (0.65, 1.04) | 0.80 (0.64, 1.01) |
| North Africa & Middle East | 13.8 | 0.75 (0.71, 0.79) | 0.83 (0.79, 0.87) | 2.7 | 0.84 (0.74, 0.95) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.09) | 0.5 | 0.95 (0.71, 1.26) | 1.09 (0.76, 1.57) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 27.7 | 1.52 (1.45, 1.60) | 1.72 (1.63, 1.80) | 6.7 | 2.08 (1.85, 2.34) | 2.35 (2.09, 2.65) | 1.0 | 1.85 (1.40, 2.43) | 2.12 (1.61, 2.79) |
| Maternal age <20 years or ≥35 years | – | 1.47 (1.44, 1.49) | – | 1.69 (1.63, 1.75) | – | 1.43 (1.36, 1.50) | |||
| Primiparity | – | 2.20 (2.17, 2.23) | – | 2.33 (2.24, 2.42) | – | 2.55 (2.44, 2.67) | |||
| Random effects | |||||||||
| Intercept variance ‘Receiving country’ (SE) | 0.149 (0.079)**** | 0.145 (0.077)**** | 0.403 (0.255)*** | 0.398 (0.252)*** | 0.201 (0.108)**** | 0.186 (0.101)**** | |||
| MOR | 1.44 | 1.44 | 1.83 | 1.83 | 1.53 | 1.51 | |||
AOR, adjusted odds ratio (adjusted for parity and maternal age); CI, confidence interval; MOR, median odds ratio; OR, odds ratio; SE, standard error.
*
Based on a two-level logistic regression model, with deliveries nested within receiving countries.
**
Defined as pre-eclampsia or eclampsia with hospital stay ≥ 7 days. Denmark and Sweden not included.
***
P > 0.05.
****
P > 0.05; one-sided.