Comparison 10. Nalbuphine versus pethidine.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Maternal satisfaction with analgesia at 24 hours; numbers dissatisfied	1	72	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.73 [0.55, 0.96]
2 Pain free	1	40	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	6.0 [0.79, 45.42]
3 Pain intensity at 30 minutes: women with severe pain	1	295	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.86 [0.59, 1.26]
4 VAS at 60 minutes (at peak of contraction)	1	72	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	−8.0 [−18.55, 2.55]
5 Additional analgesia required	1	72	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.26 [0.49, 3.27]
6 Epidural	1	307	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.65 [0.55,4.94]
7 Nausea and vomiting	2		Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
7.1 Nausea	1	301	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.62 [0.42, 0.91]
7.2 Vomiting	1	301	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.41 [0.22, 0.76]
7.3 Nausea and vomiting	1	72	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.41 [0.18, 0.94]
8 Maternal sleepiness	1	72	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.78 [0.86, 16.60]
9 Assisted vaginal delivery	2	382	Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.25, 3.85]
10 Caesarean section	1	310	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.45 [0.12, 1.69]
11 Low Apgar score (≤ 7) at 1 and 5 minutes	2		Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
11.1 Low score at 1 minute	2	382	Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI)	1.18 [0.72, 1.95]
11.2 Low score at 5 minutes	1	72	Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI)	0.47 [0.04, 4.99]
12 Naloxone administration (neonatal)	1	72	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	6.63 [0.35, 123.93]
13 Admission to NICU	1	299	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.07 [0.61, 1.89]
14 Neonatal neurobehavioural (Scanlon) 2-4 hours PN	1	72	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	−3.70 [−6.14, −1.26]