Table 1.
Socio-demographic traits and adjusted factors associated with perceived HIV risk among deported injection drug users (IDUs) (N= 313) in Tijuana, Mexico, 2010.
| Total sample (N=313) N(%) | Does not perceive self to be at current risk for HIV (N=203, 65%,) | Perceives a current risk for HIV (N=110, 35%) | P-value | Univariate Odds Ratioa | 95% Confidence Interval | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic Factors | ||||||
| Age at time of interviewb | 39 (34-44) | 40 (34-45) | 37.5 (33-42) | 0.03 | 0.95 | 0.90-1.00 |
| Self-reported as being poor growing up | 210 (67%) | 139 (68%) | 71 (65%) | 0.48 | 1.21 | 0.50-2.96 |
| Age of independence from familyb, c | 17 (15-18) | 17 (15-18) | 16 (14-17) | 0.01 | 0.81 | 0.71-0.94 |
| Years of education in Mexicob, c | 6 (4-9) | 6 (4-9) | 6 (4-8) | 0.01 | 0.93 | 0.83-1.95 |
| Ever educated in U.S. | 82 (26%) | 49 (24%) | 33 (30%) | 0.26 | 1.31 | 0.47-3.68 |
| Speaks English | 260 (83%) | 117 (87%) | 83 (75%) | 0.01 | 0.43 | 0.18-1.07 |
| Self-reported initial detainment for most recent deportation was crime-related | 163 (52%) | 107 (53%) | 56 (51%) | 0.76 | 0.98 | 0.43-2.22 |
| Individual Drug and Sex-related Risk Behaviours | ||||||
| Age of first injection drug useb, c | 20 (16-25) | 19 (16-24) | 20 (17-26) | 0.12 | 1.00 | 0.95-1.06 |
| Years of drug injection useb, c | 17 (11-24) | 18 (13-25) | 15 (9-22) | 0.01 | 0.96 | 0.91-1.00 |
| Currently injects drugs | 283 (90%) | 179 (88%) | 104 (95%) | 0.07 | 2.23 | 0.65-7.64 |
| Ever consumed drugs before first U.S. migrationd | 70 (64%) | 48 (67%) | 22 (56%) | 0.20 | 1.35 | 0.54-3.44 |
| Ever injected drugs before first U.S. migration | 10 (6%) | 13 (6%) | 6 (5%) | 0.74 | 0.52 | 0.15-1.83 |
| Ever used drugs in the U.S.d | 223 (71%) | 143 (70%) | 80 (73%) | 0.67 | 1.44 | 0.64-3.26 |
| Ever injected drugs in the U.S. | 133 (60%) | 92 (64%) | 41 (51%) | 0.06 | 0.56 | 0.21-1.50 |
| Ever tried new drugs in Tijuana post-deportationd, e | 50 (16%) | 19 (9%) | 31 (28%) | 0.01 | 3.60 | 1.37-9.46 |
| Ever injected new drugs in Tijuana post-deportatione | 87 (28%) | 43 (21%) | 44 (40%) | 0.01 | 1.22 | 0.49-3.05 |
| Ever paid to have sex with a female sex worker in the U.S. | 120 (38%) | 94 (46%) | 26 (24%) | 0.01 | 0.42 | 0.16-1.09 |
| Never/rarely/sometimes used a condom when paying for sex with a female sex worker in the U.S. (vs. Always) | 105 (88%) | 86 (91%) | 19 (73%) | 0.01 | 0.25 | 0.08-0.78 |
| Ever paid to have sex with a female sex worker in Tijuana post-deportatione | 27 (9%) | 19 (9%) | 8 (7%) | 0.53 | 1.78 | 0.51-6.15 |
| Never/Rarely/Sometimes used a condom when paying for sex with a female sex workers in Tijuana post-deportation (vs. Always)e | 5 (19%) | 2 (11%) | 3 (38%) | 0.01 | 5.1 | 0.65-0.51 |
| Ever had anal sex with a man in the U.S. | 15 (5%) | 7 (3%) | 8 (7%) | 0.13 | 2.20 | 0.77-6.23 |
| Never/rarely/sometimes used a condom when having anal sex with a man in the U.S. (vs. Always) | 7 (50%) | 3 (43%) | 4 (57%) | 0.59 | 1.78 | 0.21-14.77 |
| Ever had anal sex with a man in Tijuana post-deportatione | 11 (4%) | 3 (1%) | 8 (7%) | 0.01 | 14.85 | 3.01-73.36 |
| Never/Rarely/Sometimes used a condom when having anal sex with a man in Tijuana post-deportation (vs. Always)e | 1 (9%) | 1 (33%) | 0 (0%) | - | - | - |
| Interpersonal/Social Risk Factors | ||||||
| Ever witnessed family members use drugs before first U.S. migration | 51 (16%) | 36 (18%) | 15 (13%) | 0.35 | 0.51 | 0.18-1.40 |
| Ever shared needles in U.S. | 56 (18%) | 44 (22%) | 12 (11%) | 0.02 | 0.77 | 0.20-2.86 |
| Ever injected with someone in the U.S. | 174 (56%) | 110 (54%) | 64 (58%) | 0.50 | 1.49 | 0.65-3.41 |
| Ever had a steady female partner in the U.S. | 279 (89%) | 176 (87%) | 103 (94%) | 0.06 | 2.96 | 1.03-8.51 |
| Never/rarely/sometimes used a condom with a steady female partner in the U.S. (vs. Always) | 276 (99%) | 174 (99%) | 102 (99%) | 0.90 | 1.17 | 0.10-13.09 |
| Ever had a steady female partner in Tijuana post-deportatione | 104 (33%) | 58 (29%) | 46 (42%) | 0.02 | 1.71 | 0.74-3.94 |
| Never/rarely/sometimes used a condom with a steady female partner in Tijuana post-deportation (vs. Always)e | 96 (93%) | 56 (98%) | 40 (87%) | 0.02 | 0.33 | 0.03-3.19 |
| Structural/Environmental Factors | ||||||
| Number of U.S. crossingsb, c | 5 (3-12) | 5 (3-15) | 5.5 (3-10) | 0.49 | 0.96 | 0.93-1.00 |
| Age of first U.S. migrationb,c | 17 (14-20) | 17 (14-20) | 16 (14-19) | 0.05 | 0.98 | 0.93-1.04 |
| Total years lived in the U.S.b, c | 12 (9-17) | 12 (9-17) | 12 (10-16) | 0.57 | 0.95 | 0.90-1.01 |
| Number of U.S. deportationsb, c | 3 (2-4) | 3 (2-5) | 3 (2-4) | 0.68 | 0.95 | 0.86-1.05 |
| Years since last migration to the U.S.b, c | 10 (7-14) | 10 (8-14) | 10.5 (7-14) | 0.91 | 0.96 | 0.90-1.03 |
| Years since last U.S. deportationb, c | 7 (5-10) | 7 (4-10) | 8 (6-11) | 0.10 | 1.07 | 0.97-1.20 |
| Born in Tijuana | 83 (27%) | 66 (33%) | 17 (15%) | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.11-0.82 |
| Years lived in Tijuanab, c | 10 (7-20) | 11 (7-24) | 9 (6-12) | 0.01 | 0.97 | 0.92-1.00 |
| Ever in prison in the U.S. | 206 (66%) | 138 (68%) | 68 (62%) | 0.27 | 1.05 | 0.45-2.44 |
| Years spent in a U.S. prisonb | 3 (1-6) | 3 (1-6) | 3.5 (2-7) | 0.60 | 1.15 | 1.02-1.29 |
| Ever injected drugs while in a U.S. prison | 18 (9%) | 9 (7%) | 9 (13%) | 0.11 | 1.19 | 0.29-4.76 |
| Ever shared injection equipment with others while in a U.S. prisonf | 18 (100%) | 9 (100%) | 9 (100%) | - | - | - |
| Ever received HIV education while in a U.S. prison | 75 (37%) | 36 (26%) | 39 (57%) | 0.01 | 3.93 | 1.43-10.75 |
| Ever tested for HIV while in a U.S. prison | 83 (40%) | 41 (30%) | 42 (62%) | 0.01 | 3.78 | 1.34-10.52 |
| Ever detained at a U.S. immigration centre | 266 (85%) | 165 (81%) | 101 (92%) | 0.01 | 1.52 | 0.45-5.13 |
| Ever injected drugs while detained at a U.S. immigration centre | 4 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 0.59 | 0.25 | 0.02-2.55 |
| Ever shared injection equipment with others while detained at a U.S. immigration centreg | 2 (50%) | 1 (3%) | 1 (100%) | - | - | - |
| Ever tested for HIV while detained at a U.S. immigration centre | 37 (14%) | 20 (12%) | 17 (17%) | 0.28 | 2.36 | 0.92-6.06 |
| Ever arrested in Tijuana post-deportatione | 144 (46%) | 84 (41%) | 60 (55%) | 0.03 | 2.52 | 1.12-5.68 |
| Ever received treatment/counselling for drug use | 157 (50%) | 112 (55%) | 45 (41%) | 0.02 | 0.64 | 0.28-1.47 |
a
RDS-adjusted
b
Median (Inter-Quartile Range)
c
Test statistic is z-score for Wilcoxon rank-sum test
d
Excluding marijuana
e
Refers to most recent deportation
f
N= 18, only asked of participants who injected drugs while in a U.S. prison
g
N=4, only asked of participants who injected drugs while detained at a U.S. immigration centre