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Reagents and conditions. (a) malonic acid, ammonium acetate, MeOH or EtOH or iPrOH, reflux; (b) SOCl2, EtOH, −15 °C then reflux; (c) H2 (4 bar), 5% Rh/Al2O3, EtOH, 80 °C; (d) N-(benzyloxycarbonyloxy)succinimide, EtNPri2, CH2Cl2, room temp., 2 h; (e) N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole, THF, room temp., then EtOH; (f) H2 (1 bar), 10% Pd/C, EtOH, room temp., 24 h. All compounds are racemic unless indicated in the text.
