Table 1.

Comparison between the ruby-throated hummingbird model and the experimental data for the rufous hummingbird.

	present	Tobalske et al. [5]
body mass, M (g)	3.41	3.4 ± 0.1
flapping frequency, f (Hz)	42	43 ± 2
wing length, R (mm)	44.7	47 ± 1
wing span, b (mm)	110.8	109 ± 2
average wing chord, c (mm)	11.7	12 ± 1
single-wing area, S (mm2)	568	558 ± 18
stroke plane angle (average)	12°	15° ± 4°
wingbeat amplitude, Φ	114.3°	111° ± 2°