Fig. 3. Horizontal and vertical view of all primary branches of the ten C. crenata trees. The number of uphill and downhill branches was 15 and 37, respectively. Different lines indicate different individual trees. A, Horizontal direction; length of the line is equivalent to branch spread. The thickest diagonal line separates uphill and downhill branches. B, Positions of the base and the tip of all the primary branches, represented by the distance from the top of the tree. Downhill and uphill branches are shown on the left and the right, respectively, of the figure. The horizontal axis shows horizontal extension, and the length of each straight line corresponds to branch length.