Fig. 1. A, Life cycle of Hieracium pilosella L. with four stages (S, seeds; H_S, seedlings; H_R, non‐flowering rosettes; H_F, flowering rosettes), transition probabilities between these stages (p_e, germination and establishment probabilities; p_r, flowering probability; p_g, regeneration of flowering rosettes; p_v, establishment probability of stolons), fecundities (n_s, number of seeds per flowering rosette; n_v, number of stolons per flowering rosettes), and mortalities (µ_s, mortality of seedlings; µ_d, mortality due to disturbance). Note that all sequence steps of the life cycle can be realised within 1 year and that we do not consider the possibility of a seed bank. B, Schematic profile of the distribution of Hieracium and grass vegetation in a gradient of soil quality in calcareous grassland from observations in the field.