Table 2.

Parameter values used in spatially explicit simulations

Parameters		Standard values	Source
ΔR0	Mean radius increase per year	3·0 (H. pilosella)	Table 1
		1·5 (grass)	Guess
σR	Standard deviation of radius increase	1·5	Table 1
R S	Threshold radius for reproduction	1·5	Table 1
δ	Increase parameter of reproduction probability	3·5	Table 1
R red	Radius reduction percentage for vegetative rosettes	0·2	Table 1
N V0	Mean number of stolons per reproductive rosette	2·0	Table 1
N S0	Resulting mean seed production	64	Table 1 (see Materials and Methods)
σd	Parameter of seed‐dispersal distribution	7·0	Guess
f t	Percentage of long‐distance seed dispersal	0	Standard scenario
		0·1	Modified standard scenario
ΔL	Step length of stolon growth	3·0	Table 1
p C	Probability of plastic stolon growth	0·75	Guess
p C	Regeneration probability of reproductive rosettes	0·1	Table 1
m	Mortality		See Materials and Methods
p e	Seedling establishment probability		See Fig. 2
µ	Juvenile mortality	0·35	Table 1
N G	Number of potential new grass tufts		See Fig. 2
c f	Facilitation coefficient for seedling establishment	1	Standard scenario
		1·15	Modified standard scenario
p T	Disturbance probability		See Materials and Methods
L T	Disturbance gap dimension		See Materials and Methods

Spatial parameters (Δ_0R, L_T, σ_R, R_S, δ, R_red, σ_d, Δ_L) are given in cell units (1 cm). Parameters are defined: (1) to match the findings of Table 1 or Keller, 1997, (2) by educated guesses or (3) by scenario assumptions. Variable model parameters (radius R, seed production, dispersal distances) are described in Materials and Methods. Parameters changing with the soil gradient are given in Fig. 2.