Fig. 1. Characteristics of Lythrum salicaria grown under flooded conditions and an illustration of phellem removal. A, Adventitious roots (arrow) and aerenchymatous phellem (Ph) along the submerged portion of a stem. B, Transverse section of a submerged stem showing adventitious roots and considerable aerenchymatous phellem (Ph) in relation to secondary xylem (Xyl). C, Submerged section of a stem in which the continuity of the aerenchymatous phellem between shoots and roots was disrupted. D, Transverse section of a submerged stem that experienced bi‐weekly phellem removal, showing intact phloem (P), and phellogen (arrow) and displaying the capacity for continued phellem (Ph) development. Stem was hand‐sectioned, stained with Toludine Blue O, viewed with a Leitz Biomed microscope at 200× magnification and images captured with a Nikon Coolpix 800 digital camera.