Table 1.
Transboundary zoonotic diseases, distribution, agents, vectors, and transboundary relevance in the US–México border region.
| Disease | Distributiona | Etiologic agent | Vector | Transboundary relevance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VIRUS | ||||
| VEE | Meso-America, Southern Texas, and Northern Mexico | Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus | Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus | Shared vectors and reservoirs |
| Deinocerites pseudes | Human migration | |||
| Aedes (Ochlerotatus) taeniorhynchus | Livestock movement | |||
| Mammalophilic mosquitoes | ||||
| HPS and HFRS | American continent, Europe, Asia, Africa likely worldwide | Hantavirus | Wild rodents of the Cricetidae and Soricidae families serve as reservoirs | Shared reservoir species across border |
| Human migration | ||||
| Different public health preparedness | ||||
| Poverty (suboptimal housing) | ||||
| BACTERIA | ||||
| Lyme disease | US, Mexico, Canada | Borrelia burgdorferi | Ticks | Shared vectors and reservoirs |
| Ixodes scapularis | Different public health policies | |||
| I. pacificus | ||||
| Leptospirosis | Worldwide | Leptospira interrogans | Wild rodents serve as reservoirs | Shared reservoir species across borders |
| Human migration | ||||
| Livestock movement | ||||
| Different public health policies | ||||
| Poverty (suboptimal housing, sanitation, and hygiene) | ||||
| Rocky mountain spotted fever/Brazil spotted fever | US, Mexico, Canada, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Uruguay, Argentina, Brasil | Rickettsia rickettssi | Ticks | Shared vectors and reservoirs |
| Dermacentor variabilis | ||||
| D. andersoni | ||||
| Rhipicephalus sanguineus | ||||
| Amblyomma cajennense | ||||
| Haemaphysalis leporispalustris | ||||
| Human monocytic ehrlichiosis | US, Mexico | Ehrlichia chaffensis | Ticks | Shared vectors and reservoirs |
| E. ewingiie | A. americanum | |||
| D. variabilis | ||||
| I. pacificus | ||||
| Human granulocytic anaplasmosis | US | Anaplasma phagocytophilum | Ticks | Shared vectors and reservoirs |
| I. scapularis | ||||
| I. pacificus | ||||
| Bartonellosisb | Americas, Europe, Asia | Bartonella henselae | Ticks | Shared vectors and reservoirs |
| Ba. quintana | I. pacificus | Human migration | ||
| Ba. bacilliformi | I. scapularis | Livestock movement | ||
| Ba. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii | I. ricinus | Poverty (poor sanitation, hygiene and crowded housing environments) | ||
| I. persulcatus | ||||
| D. reticulatus | ||||
| D. marginatus | ||||
| R. sanguineus | ||||
| R. microplus | ||||
| Sand flies | ||||
| Lutzomyia verrucarum | ||||
| L. columbiana | ||||
| L. peruensis | ||||
| Licec | ||||
| Pediculus humanus humanus | ||||
| P. capitis | ||||
| Fleasc | ||||
| Pulex irritans | ||||
| PROTOZOA | ||||
| Human Babesiosis | US | Babesia microti | Ticks | Shared vectors and reservoirs |
| I. scapularis | ||||
| I. pacificus | ||||
| I. texanus | ||||
| D. variabilis | ||||
| Chagasd | American Continent | Trypanosoma cruzi | Triatoma sanguisuga | Shared vectors and reservoirs |
| T. gerstaeckeri | Human migration | |||
| T. lenticularia | Different public health policies | |||
| Poverty (suboptimal housing) | ||||
| Leishmaniasis | Americas | Leishmania (Leishmania) | Lutzomyia sand flies | Shared vectors and reservoirs Human migration Different public health policies |
| Leishmania (Viannia) | ||||