Table 2.

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis to Explore Relationship Between Antioxidative Micronutrients and z(lnLTL) in 786 Individuals

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Variables	β	β	β
Individual micronutrient z-scores
Lutein and zeaxanthin	0.079b	0.107c	0.120c
β-cryptoxanthin	0.060	0.041	0.040
Canthaxanthin	0.018	0.049	0.056
Lycopene	−0.080b	−0.064	−0.069
α-carotene	−0.027	−0.020	−0.028
β-carotene	−0.069	−0.065	−0.077
α-tocopherol	−0.012	0.013	0.019
γ-tocopherol	−0.002	0.041	0.044
Vitamin Ca	0.160	0.152c	0.146c
Retinol	−0.055	−0.065	−0.058
Subgroup micronutrient z-scores
Provitamin A	−0.063	−0.063	−0.068
Non-provitamin A	0.003	0.033	0.039
Vitamin E	−0.006	0.038	0.043
Total antioxidant status	−0.014	0.044	0.037

Non-provitamin A: sum of lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene, and canthaxanthin z-scores divided by number of antioxidants. Provitamin A: sum of α- and β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and retinol z-scores divided by number of antioxidants. Vitamin E: sum of α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol z-scores divided by number of antioxidants. Total antioxidant status: sum of all antioxidative z-scores divided by number of antioxidants. Model 1 adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 adjusted for factors in Model 1, body mass index, maximum oxygen uptake. Model 3 adjusted for factors in Model 2, alcohol consumption, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.

^aThe 650 individuals had leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and vitamin C measurement.

^bP< .05.

^cP< .01.

^dP< .001.