Measure	Question	Coding
CDS Early “Adult Roles’ Measures
Help parents nearly every day	“In the last 6 months, how often have you helped your parents with things they had to get done, such as chores or running errands?”	1 = helped parents almost every day or every day vs. 0 = almost never to a few times a week
Support parents nearly every day	“In the last 6 months, how often have you provided emotional support to your parents, such as making them feel better when they were sad?’	1 = supported parents almost every day or every day vs. 0 = almost never to a few times a week
Help siblings nearly every day	“In the last 6 months, how often have you helped your brothers or sisters with things they had to get done, such as homework or chores?”	1 = helped a sibling almost every day or every day vs. 0 = almost never to a few times a week
Support siblings nearly every day	“In the last 6 months, how often have you provided emotional support to your brothers or sisters, such as giving them advice on a problem or making them feel better when they were sad?”	1 = supported a sibling almost every day or every day vs. 0 = almost never to a few times a week
Worry about future/money nearly every day	Comprising three questions: “In the last month …, how often do you worry that you will not get a good job when you are an adult?”; “how often do you feel discouraged about the future?”; and “how often do you worry that your family will not have enough money to pay for things?”	1 = reported almost every day or every day for one or more questions vs. 0 = worried never to two or three times a week
Help pay family bills	“Did you use any of your money to help pay for family bills and expenses in the last month?”	1 = yes vs. 0 = no
CDS Investment/College Measure
Expect a 4-year degree or higher	“Many people do not get as much education as they would like. How far do you think you will actually go in school?”	1 = expected to receive a 4-year college degree or a higher level of education vs. 0 = expected less than a 4-year college degree
TA Early Transitions Measures
Early parenting	“How old were you when you had your first child/first took on a parenting role?”	1 = reported having had their first child or had taken on a parenting role by the time of the TA interviewa
Early head of own household	PSID-constructed variable	1 = established their own independent household at the time of the TA interview (i.e., defined as a ‘head’ or ‘wife’ of a household by PSID) vs. 0 = does not have independent householdb
Early marriage or cohabitation	Comprising two questions: marital status question and “Are you living with a partner in a marriage-like relationship?”	1 = reported they had ever been married or living with a partner in a marriage-like relationship vs. 0 = not married or cohabiting
Did not finish high school	“Did you graduate from high school, get a GED, or neither?”	1 = reported ‘neither’ vs. 0 = graduated from high school or got a GED
Financially responsible all the time	PSID-constructed variable comprising an average of responses to questions concerning the amount of responsibility respondents took for earning their own living, paying their own rent, paying their own bills, and managing their own money.	Response choices range from 1 = somebody else does this for me all of the time to 5 = I am completely responsible for this all of the time. 1 = average of 5 (financially responsible all the time) vs. 0 = average below 5
Often worry about future/money	Comprised of four questions: “Using any number from 1 to 7, where 1 means very unlikely and 7 means very likely, in the future, how likely is it that … you will have a job that pays well?”; “you will have difficulty supporting your family financially?”; “you will be laid off from your job?”; and “life will turn out to be harder for you than it was for your parents?”	1 = reported scores that represented likely to very likely (or unlikely to very likely for the first question) for one or more of the four questions vs. 0 = does not often worry about future/money
TA Investment/College Measures
Ever/currently in college	Comprising two questions: “Are you currently attending college?” and “Have you ever attended college?”	1 = reported yes to either question vs. 0 = never attended college
Received two or more financial transfers	Comprising questions about whether a parent or other relative did the following for the respondent: paid rent or a mortgage payment, provided a personal vehicle, paid tuition, covered bills/expenses, or gave a personal loan.	1= responded affirmatively to two or more of the questions vs. 0 = received no tranfers or one transfer

Note: CDS = Child Development Supplement; TA = Transition to Adulthood; PSID = Panel Study of Income Dynamics; GED = Graduate Equivalency Diploma.

^aAge at the CDS interview is included as a control in the models because some respondents in the TA will have had more time to become parents than others by the time of the 2007 TA. Those in the 2007 TA were age 18 to 24.

^bIf PSID-TA respondents were living away from home to attend school, they are not considered to have established their own independent household.