Table 4.

Elements of the integrated governance models identified in published papers (n = 21)

Element	Interventions shown to be effective	n = *[references]
1. Joint planning	Joint strategic needs assessment agreed; formalising relationships between stakeholders; joint boards; promotion of a community focus and organisational autonomy; guide for collective decision making; multi-level partnerships; focus on continuum of care with input from providers and users.	18
		[13,16-18,25,26,28-37,39,40]
2. Integrated information communication technology	Systems designed to support shared clinical exchange i.e. Shared Electronic Health Record; a tool for systems integration linking clinical processes, outcomes and financial measures.	17
		[13,16,17,24,25,27-30,32-37,39,40]
3. Change management	Managed locally; committed resources; strategies to manage change and align organisational cultural values; executive and clinical leadership; vision; commitment at meso and micro levels.	17
		[13,16-18,24,25,28-30,32-36,38-40]
4. Shared clinical priorities	Agreed target areas for redesign; role of multi-disciplinary clinical networks/clinical panels; pathways across the continuum.	16
		[13,16-18,24,25,27,29,30,32-36,39,40]
5. Incentives	Incentives are provided to strengthen care co-ordination e.g. pooling multiple funding streams and incentive structures, such as equitable funding distribution; incentives for innovative and development of alternative models.	15
		[13,16,17,24,26,28-30,32,35-40]
6. Population focus	Geographical population health focus.	13
		[13,16,24-26,29,30,34-36,38-40]
7. Measurement – using data as quality improvement tool	Shared population clinical data to use for planning, measurement of utilisation focusing on quality improvement and redesign; collaborative approach to measuring performance provides transparency across organisational boundaries.	12
		[13,17,18,24,28,29,33-36,38,39]
8. Continuing professional development supporting the value of joint working	Inter-professional and inter-organisational learning opportunities provide training to support new way and align cultures; clearly identifying roles and responsibilities and guidelines across the continuum.	11
		[13,18,24,25,29,32-34,37,39,40]
9. Patient/community engagement	Involve patient and community participation by use of patient narratives of experience and wider community engagement.	8
		[13,18,25,29,35,36,39,40]
10. Innovation	Resources are available and innovative models of care are supported.	7
		[13,18,29,33,34,36,40]

*Number of studies reporting the specified element.