. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 17.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014 Jul;13(7):497–512. doi: 10.1038/nrd4253

Table 1.

List of commonly used CSC markers, their expression and function in normal tissue

Marker	Expression in normal tissue	Normal Function	Reported to be CSC marker in
CD34	Hematopoietic stem and progenitors^147,148, endothelial cells¹⁴⁹	Regulator of cell adhesion¹⁵⁰	Hematological malignancies in combination with CD38¹⁵¹
CD38	Hematopoietic cells, skelet al and heart muscle, proximal convoluted tubules of kidney, normal adult prostate¹⁵²	Ecto-enzyme involved in signal transduction, calcium signaling and cell adhesion¹⁵²	Hematological malignancies in combination with CD34¹⁵¹
CD44	Leukocytes, epithelial cells, Endothelial cells, mesenchymal cells¹⁵³	Varied functions including cell adhesion and migration, cell-cell interaction, cell signaling, leukocyte attachment and rolling¹⁵⁴	Breast in combination with CD24²⁸, Colon in combination with EpCAM¹⁵⁵Gastric¹⁵⁶Head and Neck¹⁵⁷Liver in combination with CD90¹⁵⁸Ovarian in combination with c-Kit¹⁵⁸Pancreatic in combination with EpCAM and CD24¹⁵⁹Prostate in combination with integrin α₂β₁ and CD133¹⁴
CD24	B cells, follicular dendritic cells, granulocytes, epithelial cells¹⁶⁰	B-cell proliferation and maturation¹⁶⁰. Function in other tissue is poorly understood.	Breast²⁸, Gastric in combination with CD44¹⁶¹Pancreatic in combination with EpCAM and CD44¹⁵⁹
CD90	Fetal liver cells and thymocytes¹⁶², hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells¹⁶³ mesenchymal stromal cells¹⁶⁴, activated endothelial cells¹⁶⁵, neuronal cells¹⁶⁶	Regulation of cell adhesion¹⁶⁷, signal transduction in T cells¹⁶⁸	Brain¹⁶⁹Liver¹⁷⁰ and Lung tumors¹⁷¹
CD133	Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells¹⁷² endothelial progenitor cells¹⁷³, fetal neural stem cells¹⁷⁴, renal stem cells¹⁶ prostate stem cells¹⁸	Poorly understood	Brain¹⁷⁵Colon^176,177 Endometrial¹⁷⁸Liver¹⁷⁹Lung with ABCG2 or CXCR4¹⁸⁰Ovarian¹⁸¹ Pancreatic in combination with CXCR4¹³Prostate in combination with integrin α₂β₁ and CD44¹⁴
ALDH	Epithelial cells of the esophagus, stomach, intestine, colon, liver, mammary gland and pancreas. Endocrine cells of the adrenal, thyroid and salivary glands, haematopoietic cells¹⁸².	Conversion of aldehydes generated by metabolic processes into carboxylic acids¹⁸³. Function in ester hydrolysis and as an antioxidant¹⁸⁴. Involved in retinoic acid signaling¹⁸⁴.	Breast²⁰Colon¹⁸⁵Head and Neck¹⁸⁶Liver in combination with CD133²²Melanoma¹⁸⁷ and Pancreatic tumors
Hoechst33342 exclusion (Side population)	Hematopoietic stem cells²⁵ mammary stem/progenitor cells^188,189, pulmonary stem cells¹⁹⁰, cardiac	Not an endogenous marker/protein, but based on the ability of cells to efflux Hoechst33342 involving the	Astrocytomas¹⁹⁵Gastrointestinal tumors¹⁹⁶Gliomas¹⁹⁷ Hepatocellular carcinomas¹⁹⁸Lung cancer¹⁹⁹Thyroid cancer²⁰⁰
	progenitors¹⁹¹, hepatocyte progenitors¹⁹², neural stem and progenitors¹⁹³ and keratinocytes progenitors¹⁹⁴.	ABC transporter trans- membrane proteins²⁵.