Table 4.
Unadjusted and fully adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the risk of under-five mortality by background characteristics (DRC-DHS, 2007)
| Variable | Unadjusted OR & 95% CI | Fully adjusted OR & 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
|
National
|
|
|
|
Type of place of residence
|
|
|
| Urban |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Rural |
1.70 (1.47, 1.96) |
1.09 (0.98, 1.25) |
|
Sex of child
|
|
|
| Male |
1.09 (0.96, 1.25) |
1.03 (0.96, 1.13) |
| Female |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
Preceding birth interval
|
|
|
| < 24 months |
1.65 (1.43, 1.91) |
1.14 (1.04, 1.26) |
| ≥ 24 months |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
Mother’s age at child’s birth
|
|
|
| ≤ 20 years |
1.14 (.98, 1.33) |
See Figure 2 |
| 21–35 years |
1.00 |
|
|
Antenatal visits
|
|
|
| No antenatal visits |
1.52 (1.15, 2.01) |
1.01 (0.89, 1.14) |
| ≥ 1 antenatal visit |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
Place of delivery
|
|
|
| Hospital |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Home |
1.66 (1.44, 1.91) |
1.13 (1.01, 1.27) |
|
Asset index
|
|
|
| Low income household |
1.65 (1.41, 1.96) |
1.04 (0.92, 1.16) |
| Middle income household |
1.29 (1.06, 1.57) |
1.03 (0.90, 1.18) |
| Higher income household |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
Mother’s educational attainment
|
|
|
| Up to primary |
1.65 (1.42, 1.93) |
1.01 (0.93, 1.12) |
| Secondary or higher |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
Marital status of mother
|
|
|
| Single |
1.15 (0.93, 1.42) |
1.16 (1.03, 1.33) |
| Married |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
Province
|
|
|
| Kinshasa |
0.85 (0.59, 1.23) |
0.98 (0.86, 1.08) |
| Bas Congo |
1.37 (0.95, 1.97) |
1.01 (0.92, 1.13) |
| Bandundu |
1.36 (0.96, 1.92) |
0.96 (0.87, 1.05) |
| Équateur |
1.65 (1.18, 2.30) |
0.99 (0.90, 1.10) |
| Orientale |
1.59 (1.11, 2.27) |
1.00 (0.89, 1.10) |
| North Kivu |
1.00 |
0.92 (0.72, 1.02) |
| Maniema |
1.89 (1.36, 2.63) |
1.01 (0.92, 1.11) |
| South Kivu |
1.58 (1.13, 2.23) |
1.04 (0.94, 1.15) |
| Katanga |
1.71 (1.23, 2.39) |
1.02 (0.92, 1.13) |
| Kasaï-Oriental |
1.76 (1.27, 2.44) |
1.04 (0.95, 1.16) |
| Kasaï-Occidental | 1.47 (1.04, 2.07) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.11) |
Unadjusted marginal odds ratios (OR) from standard logistic regression models. North Kivu province was used as the reference category because it had the lowest crude under-5 mortality (see Table 1).
Spatially adjusted posterior odds ratios (OR) from Bayesian geo-additive regression models after controlling for nonlinear effect of age, categorical variables and the province of residence (spatial effects).