Figure 5.

Temporal expression of glial and immune cell markers after TLR4 stimulation. Brains from neonatal and weanling mice (described in Figure  3) were analyzed for (A-G) inflammatory cell markers as well as astrocytic and myeloid cell markers. An increase in T cell markers Cd3ϵ(A) and Cd8α(B), as well as neutrophil marker Ela2(C) was not observed until 12 to 48 hours post infection. Gfap(D) mRNA was upregulated at 6 to 12 hours post infection with higher levels in weanling mice. In contrast, myeloid markers Itgax(E) and Cd80(F) were higher in neonates than weanlings. Slamf7(G), which is expressed by a number of immune cells, was also elevated in neonates compared with weanlings. Black symbols indicate data from LPS-stimulated mice, while gray symbols indicate PBS-treated controls. n = 4 to 6 mice per group per time point from combined experiments. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was completed by two-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Significant age-specific differences in the LPS response are as indicated: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.