Table 1. Demographic data, functional status, and surgery-related factors in 232 subjects with postoperative delirium or no delirium.
| Total | Postoperative delirium | No delirium | ||
| N = 232 | N = 21 | N = 211 | ||
| Variables | (% or mean ± SD) | (% or mean ± SD) | (% or mean ± SD) | p value |
| Age | 74.7±7.8 | 81.3±5.2 | 74.1±7.7 | <0.001 |
| Educational level | 5.8±4.7 | 6.4±4.6 | 5.7±4.7 | 0.522 |
| Gender (male) | 108(46.6%) | 17(81.0%) | 91(43.1%) | 0.001 |
| Admission route | 0.149 | |||
| Emergency room | 28(12.1%) | 5(23.8%) | 23(10.9%) | |
| Outpatient clinic (elective) | 204(87.9%) | 16(76.2%) | 188(89.1%) | |
| Living | 0.035 | |||
| Alone | 32(13.8%) | 1(4.8%) | 31(14.7%) | |
| Institutionalized | 10(4.3%) | 3(14.3%) | 7(3.3%) | |
| With relatives/friends | 190(81.9%) | 17(81.0%) | 173(82.0%) | |
| BMI | 26.5±4.3 | 23.7±3.2 | 26.8±4.2 | 0.001 |
| Polypharmacy (Yes) | 106(45.7%) | 13(61.9%) | 93(44.1%) | 0.118 |
| Psychotic drugs (Yes) | 36(15.5%) | 4(19.0%) | 32(15.2%) | 0.751 |
| Visual impairment (Yes) | 157(67.7%) | 18(85.7%) | 139(65.9%) | 0.064 |
| Hearing impairment (Yes) | 38(16.4%) | 8(38.1%) | 30(14.2%) | 0.010 |
| ADL(BI) before admission | 94.1±2.3 | 85.0±19.9 | 95.0±1.0 | 0.034 |
| IADL before admission | 5.7±1.4 | 4.4±1.9 | 5.8±1.3 | 0.004 |
| Cognitive impairment at admission (MMSE <24) | 91(39.2%) | 16(76.2%) | 75(35.5%) | <0.001 |
| Presence of depressive symptoms (defined by GDS-15> = 5) | 19(8.2%) | 1(4.8%) | 18(8.5%) | 1.000 |
| Risk of malnutrition (screening by MNA) | 19(8.2%) | 7(33.3%) | 12(5.7%) | <0.001 |
| CCI | 0.82±1.07 | 1.71±1.79 | 0.73±0.93 | 0.022 |
| Pain VAS score | 4.72±1.58 | 5.14±1.71 | 4.68±1.56 | 0.203 |
| ASA | 0.124 | |||
| ASA 1 and 2 | 225(97.0%) | 19(90.5%) | 206(97.6%) | |
| ASA 3 | 7(3.0%) | 2(9.5%) | 5(2.4%) | |
| Length of hospital stay | 8.45±4.46 | 8.42±4.63 | 8.76±2.221 | 0.736 |
| Type of surgery | 0.090 | |||
| Elective spine surgery | 60(25.9%) | 7(11.7%) | 53(88.3%) | |
| Elective knee surgery | 100(43.1%) | 6(6.0%) | 94(94.0%) | |
| Elective hip arthroplasty | 39(17.7%) | 1(2.6%) | 38(97.4%) | |
| ORIF/arthroplasty for hip fracture | 33(13.4%) | 7(21.2%) | 26(78.8%) |
BMI: Body Mass Index; ADL: Activities of Daily Living; BI: Barthel Index; IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MMSE: Mini-mental State Examination; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; MNA: Mini-nutritional Assessment; CCI: Charlson's Comorbidity Index; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status; ORIF: open reduction and internal fixation.
Elective Spine Surgery: Spinal decompression only and Spinal surgery with instrumented fusion.
Elective knee surgery: includes total knee replacement (N = 92) and other elective knee surgery (N = 8).
Elective hip arthroplasty: includes total hip replacement, bipolar hemiarthroplasty, and revision hip surgery.