Table 2. Study demographic details.
| Characteristics | Bipolar disorder (n = 16) |
Healthy controls (n = 16) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 14.39 (2.41) | 14.61 (2.48) | 0.808a |
| Sex, female, n | 5 | 5 | 1.00b |
| Education, years, mean (SD) | 8.31 (2.62) | 8.62 (2.45) | 0.73a |
| YMRS score, mean (SD) | 9.27 (5.99) | 1.00 (1.67) | < 0.0001a |
| CDRS score, mean (SD) | 34.50 (15.29) | 18.19 (1.64) | < 0.0001a |
| Ethnicity, n | 0.220b | ||
| White | 7 | 3 | |
| Hispanic | 9 | 12 | |
| Other | 0 | 1 | |
| Petersen development scores, mean (SD) | 2.63 (0.94) | 2.47 (0.92) | 0.642a |
| Handedness, left, n | 1 | 2 | 0.964 |
| Illness duration, years, mean (SD) | 4.46 (2.54) | – | – |
| Bipolar type, n | – | – | |
| Bipolar II disorder | 9 | ||
| Bipolar I disorder | 6 | ||
| Bipolar disorder NOS | 1 | ||
| Comorbidities | – | – | |
| SAD | 5 | ||
| OCD | 2 | ||
| Simple/specific phobia | 3 | ||
| GAD | 5 | ||
| PTSD | 1 | ||
| Social phobia | 1 | ||
| Enuresis | 3 | ||
| Conduct disorder | 1 | ||
| ODD | 7 | ||
| ADHD | 3 |
SD = standard deviation; NOS = not otherwise specified; YMRS = Young Mania rating Scale; CDRS = Children's Depression Rating Scale; SAD = seasonal affective disorder; OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; ADHD = attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
a
Independent sample t-test.
b
Chi-square test.