Table 1. Clinical characteristics of participants with and without metabolic syndrome (MS).
| No MS | MS | p value | |
| N | 307 | 125 | |
| Age (years) | 50.8 (12.2) | 57.1 (10.2) | <0.001 |
| Gender (male (%)) | 97 (31) | 56 (44.8) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 121 (16) | 133 (15) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77 (9) | 83 (10) | <0.001 |
| Medications for hypertension (n, %) | 24 (7.8) | 37 (29.6) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 68 (22.1) | 68 (54.4) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.1 (3.0) | 26.4 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 80.4 (7.3) | 89.8 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 91.2 (10.2) | 102.2 (21.2) | <0.001 |
| OGTT-2h-PG (mg/dL) | 116.5 (36.2) | 158.9 (71) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.7 (0.4) | 6.0 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol) | 39(2.7) | 42(6.8) | <0.001 |
| HOMA2%B | 81.6 (34.9) | 87.9 (41.2) | 0.1 |
| HOMA2%S | 156.8 (72.2) | 108.6 (60) | <0.001 |
| Medications for diabetes (n, %) | 4 (1.3) | 9 (7.2) | 0.003 |
| Diabetes (n, %) | 26 (8.5) | 34 (27.2) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 193.7 (35.7) | 196.4 (36.1) | 0.243 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) a | 93.2 (62–111) | 189.3 (113–209) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 53.4 (10.5) | 42.3 (8.2) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 118.7 (31.8) | 122.3 (35.8) | 0.149 |
| Medications for dyslipidemia (n, %) | 4 (1.3) | 16 (12.8) | <0.001 |
| Glutamate oxalate transaminase (IU/L) | 23.1 (12.4) | 23.6 (7.5) | 0.35 |
| Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (IU/L) | 22.6 (20.7) | 27.3 (16.8) | 0.012 |
| Leptin (pg/mL) a | 9645 (3873–12844) | 12093 (5576–15835) | 0.002 |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) a | 8040 (3678–10850) | 5441 (2489–7647) | <0.001 |
| Renin (pg/mL) a | 27.6 (9.3–37.3) | 32.3 (10.5–40.7) | 0.24 |
| Aldosterone (pg/mL) a | 48.5(22.1–61.5) | 43.4 (20.3–54.1) | 0.47 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) a | 0.13 (0.04–0.15) | 0.24 (0.06–0.24) | <0.001 |
| Subcutaneous fat (mm2) a | 16588 (6935) | 21203 (6769) | <0.001 |
| Peritoneal fat (mm2) a | 4610 (3075) | 8303 (3448) | <0.001 |
| Retroperitoneal fat (mm2) a | 3629 (1925) | 5927 (2154) | <0.001 |
Means (standard deviations) are shown.
a
Medians (interquartile ranges) of variables not normally distributed are shown. Statistical analyses were performed after log transformation.
OGTT-2h-PG, plasma glucose at 2 h during oral glucose tolerance test; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.