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IL-8 secretion is increased in cultures of 10- to 14-day-old fibrocytes that were stimulated for 24 hours with CD40 ligand or TSH. Increasing evidence shows that these signal pathways are involved in the manifestation of thyroid-associated orbitopathy by stimulating proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8. Culture media were collected and subjected to IL-8 analysis using Luminex technology (n=3, *P <.05; **P <.01).
