Table 2.
ETCH–M and WJIII Scores for Write Start Students, Grouped by Baseline Legibility
| Subscale and Time | Low-Performing Group (n = 24), Mean (SD) | Average-Performing Group (n = 34), Mean (SD) | High-Performing Group (n = 19), Mean (SD) |
| ETCH–M lowercase legibility, % | |||
| Pretest | 38.7 (11.4) | 60.3 (12.0) | 84.4 (13.4) |
| Posttest | 72.9 (23.1) | 84.7 (11.3) | 94.2 (8.8) |
| Follow-up | 78.3 (16.8) | 90.2 (9.2) | 97.1 (4.4) |
| ETCH–M lowercase speed, s | |||
| Pretest | 264.3 (145.7) | 231.2 (117.6) | 148.8 (42.5) |
| Posttest | 108.8 (37.1) | 93.8 (39.2) | 69.5 (23.4) |
| Follow-up | 100.1 (57.3) | 79.3 (29.8) | 60.5 (21.2) |
| WJIII Writing Fluency, raw scores | |||
| Pretest | 0.4 (0.7) | 1.1 (1.6) | 2.6 (2.8) |
| Posttest | 1.9 (2.8) | 5.9 (4.5) | 6.2 (5.2) |
| Follow-up | 5.8 (4.6) | 9.7 (4.6) | 11.4 (4.2) |
| WJIII Writing Samples, raw scores | |||
| Pretest | 5.5 (2.1) | 7.5 (2.3) | 9.5 (2.0) |
| Posttest | 8.0 (2.3) | 9.8 (1.8) | 10.5 (1.9) |
| Follow-up | 9.8 (1.8) | 10.5 (1.7) | 11.5 (0.8) |
Note. Low-performing students had <50%; average-performing students, 50%–80%; and high-performing students, >80% legibility at baseline. ETCH–M = Evaluation Tool of Children’s Handwriting–Manuscript; Mean = marginal mean, SD = standard deviation; WJIII = Woodcock–Johnson III Tests of Achievement.