Table 4. Distribution of SES-adjusted prevalences of lifestyle risk factors and SES-adjusted means of physical and cardiometabolic risk factors by age and sex.
| Variable | Men | Women | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13-19 (n=1,085) |
20-29 (n=558) |
30-39 (n=455) |
40-49 (n=407) |
50+ (n=566) |
Unadjusted p-value |
P value* | Adjusted P-value** |
13-19 (n=1,013) |
20-29 (n=711) |
30-39 (n=679) |
40-49 (n=551) |
50+ (n=842) |
Unadjusted p-value |
P value* | Adjusted P-value** |
|
| Lifestyle risk factors, % (95% CI) | ||||||||||||||||
| Current smoker | 0.1 (−0.1-0.3) | 5.2 (3.3-7.2) | 18.9 (14.8-23.1) | 30.1 (24.5-35.4) | 25.1 (21.0-29.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.4 (−0.1-1.0) | 0.9 (0.2-1.6) | 1.8 (0.7-3.0) | 3.5 (2.3-4.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol user | 8.5 (6.6-10.4) | 31.5 (26.1-36.9) | 58.7 (49.9-67.5) | 65.2 (55.5-74.9) | 70.2 (60.9-79.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 6.4 (4.7-8.1) | 24.0 (19.6-28.3) | 41.4 (34.9-47.9) | 42.3 (35.3-49.2) | 51.7 (44.4-59.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Weekly drinker | 0.7 (0.2-1.2) | 9.4 (6.7-12.1) | 30.6 (24.5-36.8) | 38.5 (31.2-45.9) | 38.6 (32.0-45.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.3 (−0.0-0.6) | 2.9 (1.6-4.2) | 6.6 (4.4-8.9) | 8.8 (5.9-11.7) | 11.1 (8.1-14.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Low physical activity | 6.9 (5.3-8.5) | 23.8 (19.5-28.0) | 24.6 (19.9-29.4) | 24.8 (19.8-29.8) | 35.8 (30.6-41.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 18.4 (15.7-21.0) | 47.1 (42.1-52.2) | 40.9 (36.1-45.8) | 39.3 (34.1-44.5) | 49.9 (45.1-54.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Low fruit and vegetable consumption | 71.9 (66.1-77.6) | 70.7 (63.2-78.2) | 78.3 (69.6-87.0) | 75.2 (66.3-84.1) | 79.1 (71.1-87.1) | 0.049 | 0.039 | 0.033 | 77.5 (71.8-83.1) | 77.5 (70.8-84.31) | 77.2 (70.4-84.0) | 76.0 (68.5-83.4) | 78.6 (72.3-84.8) | 0.840 | 0.773 | 0.757 |
| High staple consumption1 | 16.4 (10.1-22.7) | 20.3 (12.3-28.4) | 21.8 (13.1-30.5) | 21.6 (12.8-30.4) | 18.2 (10.8-25.5) | 0.272 | 0.289 | 0.203 | 13.5 (8.3-18.8) | 19.2 (11.7-26.6) | 19.6 (12.0-27.2) | 18.8 (11.3-26.3) | 16.6 (10.1-23.1) | 0.692 | 0.669 | 0.442 |
| Physical risk factors, mean (95% CI) | ||||||||||||||||
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 18.5 (18.3-18.7) | 21.3 (21.0-21.5) | 21.3 (21.0-21.6) | 20.9 (20.6-21.2) | 20.2 (19.9-20.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 20.0 (19.7-20.3) | 22.6 (22.3-22.9) | 23.0 (22.7-23.3) | 23.2 (22.8-23.5) | 22.3 (22.0-22.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 67.3 (66.9-67.7) | 74.1 (73.6-74.6) | 76.5 (75.9-77.1) | 77.2 (76.6-77.8) | 77.9 (77.3-78.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 70.2 (69.5-70.8) | 76.3 (75.6-77.1) | 78.9 (78.2-79.7) | 80.3 (79.5-81.2) | 80.0 (79.3-80.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118.1 (117.0-19.1) | 123.9 (122.5-25.3) | 123.2 (121.7-24.7) | 124.8 (123.2-26.3) | 133.4 (132.1-34.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 117.7 (116.6-18.8) | 116.5 (115.3-17.8) | 117.6 (116.3-18.8) | 120.8 (119.4-22.2) | 136.9 (135.7-38.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 68.9 (68.1-69.6) | 71.8 (70.8-72.7) | 75.5 (74.5-76.4) | 77.9 (76.9-78.9) | 79.7 (78.8-80.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 71.2 (70.5-72.0) | 72.6 (71.7-73.4) | 75.4 (74.5-76.2) | 77.0 (76.0-77.8) | 80.0 (79.2-80.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Cardiometabolic risk factors, mean (95% CI) | ||||||||||||||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.9 (2.9-3.0) | 3.1 (3.0-3.2) | 3.5 (3.4-3.6) | 3.6 (3.5-3.7) | 3.7 (3.6-3.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 3.3 (3.3-3.4) | 3.5 (3.4-3.5) | 3.7 (3.6-3.8) | 3.8 (3.7-3.9) | 4.2 (4.1-4.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 0.8 (0.8-0.8) | 0.9 (0.8-0.9) | 1.0 (0.9-1.0) | 1.1 (1.1-1.2) | 1.1 (1.1-1.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.9 (0.8-0.9) | 1.0 (1.0-1.1) | 1.1 (1.0-1.1) | 1.1 (1.0-1.1) | 1.1 (1.1-1.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.7 (1.6-1.7) | 1.8 (1.7-1.8) | 2.0 (1.9-2.0) | 1.9 (1.9-2.0) | 2.0 (1.9-2.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.9 (1.9-2.0) | 2.0 (1.9-2.1) | 2.1 (2.1-2.2) | 2.2 (2.1-2.3) | 2.5 (2.4-2.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Log triglycerides (mmol/l) | −0.03 (−0.06-0.01) | −0.02 (−0.06-0.01) | 0.13 (0.09-0.17) | 0.14 (0.10-0.18) | 0.10 (0.06-0.14) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.08 (0.05-0.10) | −0.15 (−0.18-0.11) | −0.04 (−0.07-−0.00) | 0.12 (0.08-0.16) | 0.25 (0.22-0.29) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.1 (5.0-5.2) | 5.1 (5.0-5.2) | 5.1 (5.0-5.3) | 5.2 (5.1-5.3) | 5.3 (5.2-5.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 5.1 (5.0-5.2) | 5.1 (5.0-5.2) | 5.2 (5.1-5.3) | 5.3 (5.1-5.4) | 5.4 (5.3-5.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Prevalences are adjusted for multi-level mixed-effects, with random effects to account for clustering at household and village levels, apart from smoking among women as the model could not complete due to values equalling zero.
*
P values were determined by fitting linear regression models for continuous dependent variables (i.e. physical risk factors) and fitting Poisson regression models for categorical dependent variables (i.e. lifestyle risk factors). Regressions were adjusting for SES and the independent variable was age as a continuous variable.
**
Adjusted p-values were determined by fitting multi-level mixed-effects Poisson regression models adjusted for SES and with random effects to adjust for clustering at household and village levels.
1
n=6056 for total population, n=2,701 for men, and n=3355 for women