Table 3.
Trunk kinematics and temporal parameter data. Values are expressed as mean (± SD).
| Variable | High velocity group (n =10) | Low velocity group (n =10) | p | ES |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angles | ||||
| Upper Torso | ||||
| Angle at MKH (°) | -23.2 (17.2) | -17.6 (13.1) | .45 | .35 |
| Angle at MAP (°) | -30.4 (4.3) | -30.6 (13.9) | .97 | .02 |
| Angle at SFC (°) | -34.1 (7.3) | -28.6 (9.5) | .19 | .61 |
| Angle at MER (°) | 82.6 (6.2) | 82.3 (10.2) | .94 | .04 |
| Angle at REL (°) | 124.0 (6.6) ** | 115.4 (5.3) | .01 | 1.36 |
| Pelvis | ||||
| Angle at MKH (°) | -32.9 (20.4) | -30.5 (17.6) | .80 | .12 |
| Angle at MAP (°) | -21.3 (13.1) | -15.4 (7.7) | .26 | .52 |
| Angle at SFC (°) | 15.7 (8.1) | 15.7 (7.8) | .99 | .00 |
| Angle at MER (°) | 93.8 (5.8) | 88.6 (8.9) | .16 | .66 |
| Angle at REL (°) | 102.8 (5.3) | 96.3 (8.6) | .07 | .86 |
| Trunk twist | ||||
| Angle at MKH (°) | 9.7 (10.0) | 13.0 (7.3) | .44 | .35 |
| Angle at MAP (°) | -9.2 (12.3) | -15.2 (14.2) | .35 | .43 |
| Angle at SFC (°) | -49.8 (11.2) | -44.3 (9.3) | .27 | .50 |
| Angle at MER (°) | -11.2 (6.7) | -6.3 (10.9) | .27 | .51 |
| Angle at REL (°) | 21.2 (6.9) | 19.0 (6.7) | .52 | .30 |
| Forward trunk tilt | ||||
| Angle at MKH (°) | -3.0 (4.0) | -4.1 (5.5) | .62 | .23 |
| Angle at MAP (°) | -16.7 (4.2) * | -12.0 (4.3) | .03 | 1.05 |
| Angle at SFC (°) | -3.1 (5.2) | -4.3 (3.9) | .58 | .25 |
| Angle at MER (°) | 15.9 (6.1) * | 9.2 (7.4) | .05 | .93 |
| Angle at REL (°) | 28.4 (6.9) * | 19.4 (7.8) | .02 | 1.16 |
| Angular velocities | ||||
| Maximum Upper Torso Angular Velocity (°·s-1) | 1360.8 (106.8) ** | 1120.2 (120.7) | .00 | 1.94 |
| Maximum Pelvis Angular Velocity (°·s-1) | 738.2 (72.8) * | 638.8 (113.1) | .04 | .99 |
| Maximum Trunk Positive Twist Angular Velocity (°·s-1) | 954.8 (127.8) ** | 764.2 (119.6) | .00 | 1.43 |
| Maximum Trunk Negative Twist Angular Velocity (°·s-1) | 462.1 (76.1) * | 363.7 (117.8) | .05 | .94 |
| Maximum Forward Trunk Tilt Angular Velocity (°·s-1) | 338.2 (42.8) | 307.7 (63.1) | .24 | .64 |
| Upper Torso Angular velocity at MER (°·s-1) | 1320.8 (112.4) ** | 1006.5 (198.5) | .00 | 1.85 |
| Trunk twist Angular velocity at MER (°·s-1) | 929.3 (131.3) ** | 694.6 (118.1) | .00 | 1.78 |
| Forward Trunk Tilt Angular velocity at SFC (°·s-1) | 121.2 (40.4) * | 73.4 (36.7) | .02 | 1.17 |
| Angular velocity temporal parameters | ||||
| Maximum Upper Torso Angular Velocity (%time) | 168.6 (6.4) | 166.8 (11.7) | .69 | .18 |
| Maximum Pelvis Angular Velocity (%time) | 138.9 (10.7) | 138.3 (11.6) | .91 | .05 |
| Maximum Trunk Positive Twist Angular Velocity (%time) | 178.9 (2.4) | 181.2 (6.1) | .31 | .66 |
| Maximum Trunk Negative Twist Angular Velocity (%time) | 79.9 (4.9) | 79.4 (4.1) | .82 | .10 |
| Maximum Forward Trunk Tilt Angular Velocity (%time) | 191.7 (9.8) | 193.2 (6.3) | .71 | .17 |
P; p value, ES; effect size value. MKH; Maximal stride knee height. MAP; Maximal anterior push-off force. SFC; Stride foot contacts ground. MER; Maximum shoulder external rotation. REL; Ball release.
* p < 0.05, Significant difference between high and low groups.
** p < 0.01, Significant difference between high and low groups.