Table 5.
Lower-limb joint torques and temporal parameters. Values are expressed as mean (± SD).
| Variable | High velocity group (n =10) | Low velocity group (n =10) | p | ES | High velocity group (n =10) | Low velocity group (n =10) | p | ES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joint torques (Nm/kg) | Pivot leg | Stride leg | ||||||
| Hip Coronal Plane ( Adduction: +; Abduction: - ) | ||||||||
| Joint torque at MKH | -.2 (.3) | -.4 (.2) | .08 | .84 | -.1 (.1) | -.1 (.0) | .87 | .07 |
| Joint torque at MAP | -2.5 (.7) ** | -1.3 (.8) | .00 | 1.53 | .0 (.3) | .2 (.3) | .06 | .89 |
| Joint torque at SFC | -.3 (1.1) | .7 (.9) | .05 | .92 | 1.2 (.2) * | .8 (.4) | .04 | 1.01 |
| Joint torque at MER | -1.8 (.4) | -1.6 (.7) | .38 | .42 | ||||
| Joint torque at REL | -2.1 (.4) | -1.8 (.4) | .12 | .76 | ||||
| Hip Transverse Plane (Internal Rotation: +; External Rotation: - ) | ||||||||
| Joint torque at MKH | -.1 (.2) | .0 (.1) | .20 | .59 | .0 (.1) | .1 (.0) | .19 | .60 |
| Joint torque at MAP | 1.2 (.6) ** | .4 (.5) | .01 | 1.30 | .0 (.1) | -.1 (.1) | .14 | .70 |
| Joint torque at SFC | -.1 (.4) | -.2 (.2) | .33 | .45 | -.3 (.1) | -.3 (.2) | .82 | .10 |
| Joint torque at MER | .5 (.3) | .4 (.4) | .42 | .37 | ||||
| Joint torque at REL | .5 (.5) | .6 (.3) | .58 | .25 | ||||
| Hip Sagittal Plane (Flexion: +; Extension: - ) | ||||||||
| Joint torque at MKH | .6 (.8) * | -.1 (.5) | .05 | .93 | -.1 (.4) | .2 (.1) | .07 | .86 |
| Joint torque at MAP | .0 (.9) | -.8 (1.1) | .10 | .77 | .2 (.2) | .2 (.4) | .99 | .00 |
| Joint torque at SFC | -.7 (.3) | -1.1 (.8) | .23 | .55 | .0 (.3) | -.2 (.4) | .32 | .46 |
| Joint torque at MER | -2.5 (.8) | -2.1 (.7) | .36 | .42 | ||||
| Joint torque at REL | -2.5 (.9) | -2.0 (.7) | .23 | .55 | ||||
| Knee Sagittal Plane (Flexion: +; Extension: - ) | ||||||||
| Joint torque at MKH | -.6 (.5) * | -.1 (.3) | .02 | 1.10 | .0 (.2) | .0 (.1) | .95 | .03 |
| Joint torque at MAP | -2.1 (.7) * | -1.4 (.6) | .03 | 1.02 | .1 (.1) | .1 (.1) | .77 | .13 |
| Joint torque at SFC | .5 (.3) | .3 (.4) | .34 | .44 | -.2 (.3) | -.1 (.2) | .30 | .49 |
| Joint torque at MER | -1.4 (.7) | -1.5 (.6) | .67 | .19 | ||||
| Joint torque at REL | -.6 (1.3) | -1.2 (.8) | .23 | .56 | ||||
| Ankle Sagittal Plane (Dorsiflexion: +; Plantar flexion: - ) | ||||||||
| Joint torque at MKH | .2 (.2) | .4 (.2) | .08 | .84 | .0 (.0) | .0 (.0) | .34 | .44 |
| Joint torque at MAP | 1.1 (.3) | .9 (.5) | .35 | .43 | .0 (.0) | .0 (.0) | .26 | .52 |
| Joint torque at SFC | .3 (.3) | .4 (.4) | .34 | .44 | -.1 (.0) | .0 (.0) | .11 | .76 |
| Joint torque at MER | .9 (.7) | .6 (.4) | .35 | .43 | ||||
| Joint torque at REL | .9 (.6) | .5 (.4) | .15 | .67 | ||||
| Maximum joint torque (Nm/kg) | ||||||||
| Maximum Hip Adduction | .6 (.8) | .9 (.9) | .75 | .34 | 1.1 (.2) | .8 (.4) | .17 | .85 |
| Maximum Hip Abduction | 2.9 (.7) * | 2.1 (.6) | .05 | 1.14 | 2.3 (.4) | 1.9 (.5) | .09 | .93 |
| Maximum Hip IntR | 1.3 (.5) * | .7 (.4) | .02 | 1.27 | .6 (.3) | .7 (.3) | .45 | .09 |
| Maximum Hip ExtR | .3 (.3) | .3 (.3) | .38 | .04 | .3 (.1) | .4 (.2) | .22 | .41 |
| Maximum Hip Flexion | 1.1 (.9) | 0.4 (.9) | .08 | .82 | .0 (.3) | -.2 (.4) | .30 | .52 |
| Maximum Hip Extension | 1.5 (.6) | 1.4 (.8) | .72 | .11 | 2.7 (.9) | 2.3 (.6) | .42 | .50 |
| Maximum Knee Flexion | .7 (.4) | .4 (.3) | .09 | .79 | .1 (.6) | .1 (.2) | .59 | .12 |
| Maximum Knee Extension | 2.7 (.5) * | 1.9 (.4) | .02 | 1.44 | 1.9 (.6) | 1.8 (.4) | .83 | .36 |
| Maximum Ankle DF | 1.2 (.3) | 1.1 (.4) | .47 | .43 | 1.0 (.6) | .8 (.4) | .18 | .43 |
| Maximum joint torque temporal parameters (%time) | ||||||||
| Maximum Hip Adduction | 70.7 (41.7) | 99.1 (1.5) | .12 | .91 | 101.4 (4.3) | 106.5 (12.7) | .27 | .51 |
| Maximum Hip Abduction | 71.9 (16.8) | 67.5 (11.2) | .92 | .29 | 192.9 (6.0) | 192.5 (7.6) | .87 | .05 |
| Maximum Hip IntR | 76.4 (7.7) | 69.9 (7.6) | .18 | .81 | 181.6 (18.5) | 182.4 (18.4) | .54 | .04 |
| Maximum Hip ExtR | 80.3 (35.4) | 81.7 (35.0) | .90 | .04 | 110.0 (30.0) | 114.1 (14.9) | .71 | .17 |
| Maximum Hip Flexion | 46.9 (31.7) | 40.5 (27.7) | .87 | .20 | 104.3 (5.1) | 101.7 (3.7) | .21 | .56 |
| Maximum Hip Extension | 96.8 (2.4) | 95.3 (2.1) | .47 | .62 | 181.6 (10.7) | 171.4 (17.6) | .16 | .67 |
| Maximum Knee Flexion | 89.8 (26.6) | 84.5 (29.2) | .95 | .18 | 130.0 (45.8) | 125.2 (38.2) | .42 | .11 |
| Maximum Knee Extension | 72.1 (9.7) | 74.1 (8.1) | .55 | .22 | 157.3 (14.5) | 170.2 (17.4) | .06 | .77 |
| Maximum Ankle DF | 86.6 (6.5) | 68.6 (33.4) | .14 | .71 | 178.8 (31.5) | 158.8 (31.3) | .38 | .60 |
P; p value, ES; effect size value. MKH; Maximal stride knee height. MAP; Maximal anterior push-off force. SFC; Stride foot contacts ground. IntR: Internal Rotation. ExtR: External Rotation. DF: Dorsiflexion. MER; Maximum shoulder external rotation. REL; Ball release.
* p < 0.05, Significant difference between high and low groups.
** p < 0.01, Significant difference between high and low groups