Table 4.
Coefficients (β) and robust SE of SSFs for wolves in Scandinavia in different behavioral states (handling prey [kill], resting and traveling) during day and night hours
| Time of day | Behavior | N steps | Gravel road | Main road | House | Habitat in rel. to Forest | Cross-validation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distance | Distance^2 | Distance | Distance^2 | Distance | Distance^2 | Mire | Open | Wilcox V | P | |||
| Day | Kill | 142 | 0.358** ± 0.136 | −0.034* ± 0.014 | 5288 | 0.280 | ||||||
| Rest | 323 | 0.293±0.187 | −0.193** ± 0.074 | 0.149*** ± 0.044 | 1.478*** ± 0.253 | −0.403*** ± 0.119 | −0.170±0.237 | −0.555** ± 0.215 | 34528 | <0.001 | ||
| Travel | 481 | 0.191*** ± 0.038 | 0.707** ± 0.219 | −0.277** ± 0.094 | −0.010±0.128 | −1.099*** ± 0.321 | 72454 | <0.001 | ||||
| Night | Kill | 361 | 0.335*** ± 0.076 | −0.034** ± 0.013 | 33974 | 0.226 | ||||||
| Rest | 455 | 0.102* ± 0.040 | −0.299±0.198 | −0.812* ± 0.408 | 56369 | 0.037 | ||||||
| Travel | 1392 | −1.008*** ± 0.196 | 0.306*** ± 0.086 | 0.159*** ± 0.039 | −0.017*** ± 0.004 | 553174 | <0.001 | |||||
Cross-validation confirmed four and rejected two SSFs at the alpha-level of 0.05.