Table 2.
Model Results (n=390)
| Household Centered | Child Centered | Parental Limit Setting | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter Estimate | B(SE) | β | B(SE) | β | B(SE) | β |
| Structural Model | ||||||
| Father Invol. T1 → Father School Invol T2 | 0.32(0.09)*** | .75 | 0.32(0.09)*** | .563 | −0.10(0.04)* | −.37 |
| Father Invol. T1 → Mother School Invol. T2 | −0.04(0.05) | −.11 | 0.03(0.05) | .059 | −0.02(0.03) | −.07 |
| Father Invol. T1 → Child Achievement T2 | 7.80(4.92) | .45 | −3.05(3.42) | −.134 | 0.54(1.46) | .05 |
| Mother Invol. T1 → Mother School Invol. T2 | 0.12(0.05)* | .33 | 0.21(0.10)* | .240 | 0.06(0.04) | .18 |
| Mother Invol. T1 → Father School Invol. T2 | −0.12(0.08) | −.26 | 0.05(0.15) | .044 | −0.01(0.06) | −.03 |
| Mother Invol. T1 → Child Achievement T2 | −3.13(3.72) | −.16 | 11.75(6.35) | .267 | 2.24(1.98) | .13 |
| Father School Invol. T2 → Child Achievement T2 | −16.76(7.19)* | −.42 | −7.15(4.98) | −.176 | −8.59(4.05)* | −.21 |
| Mother School Invol. T2 → Child Achievement T2 | 13.14(5.20)* | .26 | 8.62(4.01)* | .172 | 10.05(3.99)* | .20 |
| Model Fit | ||||||
| χ2 (df) | 921.353(582) | 1081.509(656) | 1085.261(652) | |||
| CFI | .853 | .828 | .849 | |||
| RMSEA | .039 | .041 | .041 | |||
| SRMR | .077 | .084 | .072 | |||
| Responsibility | Affection | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter Estimate | B(SE) | β | B(SE) | β |
| Structural Model | ||||
| Father Invol. T1 → Father School Invol T2 | 0.11(0.23) | .06 | 0.27(0.11)* | .28 |
| Father Invol. T1 → Mother School Invol. T2 | −0.01(0.15) | −.01 | 0.04(0.07) | .05 |
| Father Invol. T1 → Child Achievement T2 | 0.67(7.66) | .01 | 3.68(3.80) | .09 |
| Mother Invol. T1 → Father School Invol. T2 | −0.15(0.12) | −.15 | 0.20(0.24) | .07 |
| Mother Invol. T1 → Mother School Invol. T2 | 0.18(0.08)* | .23 | 0.19(0.17) | .08 |
| Mother Invol. T1 → Child Achievement T2 | 0.49(4.00) | .01 | 6.20(8.33) | .05 |
| Father School Invol. T2 → Child Achievement T2 | −8.40(3.58)* | −.21 | −10.33(3.85)** | −.25 |
| Mother School Invol. T2 → Child Achievement T2 | 10.82(4.12)** | .22 | 10.70(3.88)** | .21 |
| Model Fit | ||||
| χ2 (df) | 770.889(446) | 969.516(512) | ||
| CFI | .866 | .819 | ||
| RMSEA | .043 | .048 | ||
| SRMR | .064 | .063 | ||
Note: T1 = Time 1. T2 = Time 2. Only paths relevant to the hypothesized relationships between early parenting, later parental school involvement and student achievement are included in the table. The following are controlled for variables in the model: mother’s education level, father’s education level, family’s income-to-needs ratio, race (white, black), child’s sex, child’s age, and father’s biological relationship to child (biological, non-biological).
†
p < .10.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.