. 2014 Nov 1;23(11):975–986. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2014.4911

Table 6.

Educational Areas for U.S. Astronauts

Categories	Females with bachelor's degrees	Males with bachelor's degrees	Females with master's degrees	Males with master's degrees	Females with doctoral degrees	Males with doctoral degrees
Medical	0	0	0	0	0	8
Percentage	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	8%
Biology^a	9	13	2	12	4	7
Percentage	35%	13%^f	8%	12%	15%	7%
Engineering^b	10	65	10	76	6	8
Percentage	38%	63%^f	38%	74%^g	23%	8%^f
Mathematics^c	9	22	1	9	3	8
Percentage	35%	21%	4%	9%	12%	8%
Business^d	1	3	2	9	0	0
Percentage	4%	3%	8%	9%	0%	0%
Teaching^e	2	1	0	0	0	0
Percentage	8%	1%	0%	0%	0%	0%

^{^a}

Includes: Analytical chemistry, aerospace medicine, biochemistry, bioengineering, biomechanics, chemistry, chemical engineering, earth and planetary sciences, geology, geophysics, physical science, medical science, MPH, solid earth sciences, space science, zoology.

^{^b}

Includes: Aeronautics astronautics, aeronautical engineering, aerospace engineering, aeronautical and astronautical engineering, aviation systems, civil engineering, computer engineering, electrical engineering, engineering management, engineering mechanics, engineering physics, flight structures, flight test engineer, industrial engineering, marine engineering and nautical science, material science and engineering, mechanical engineering, mechanics, ocean engineering, polymer science and engineering, space operations, space systems, space systems management, systems engineering.

^{^c}

Includes: Applied physics, astronomy, computer science, laboratory astrophysics, physics, solid state physics, space physics.

^{^d}

Includes: Accounting, economics, international relations, law, management, MBA, MPA, national security and strategic studies, operations research, politics, strategic studies.

^{^e}

Includes: Teaching certificates.

^{^f}

Chi square p<0.05 for females vs. males.

^{^g}

Chi square p<0.001 for females vs. males.