Table 1.

Epidemiological studies examining associations between deportation and HIV and HIV risk among Mexican deportees, 2006-2013.

Title	Authors	Year	Location	Study Design	Population	Sample Size	Major Findings
HIV Prevalence
A two-way road: Rates of HIV infection and behavioral risk factors among deported Mexican labor migrants [6]	Rangel et al.	2012	Tijuana, Mexico	Cross-sectional	Mexican migrants	Total: 693 Deportees: 693 (100%)	An HIV prevalence of 0.8% was found among deported males; no cases of HIV among deported females were detected. The HIV population estimate for deported males was 1.23%. Results also indicate inadequate levels of HIV testing, little knowledge of HIV status, and poor access to HIV and STI treatment.
Social and structural factors associated with HIV infection among female sex workers who inject drugs in the Mexico-US Border Region [32]	Strathdee et al.	2011	Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico	Cross-sectional	Female sex workers who are injection drug users	Total: 620 Deportees: 55 (9%)	Among FSW-IDUs who tested positive for HIV (n=33), 9% (n = 3) were deportees. No independent association was found between deportation and HIV status.
Differential effects of migration and deportation on HIV infection among male and female injection drug users in Tijuana, Mexico [8]	Strathdee et al.	2008	Tijuana, Mexico	Cross-sectional	Injection drug users	Total: 1,056 Male Deportees: 377 (42%)Female deportees: 36 (23%)	Among male IDUs who were HIV positive (n=31), 71% (n=22) were deportees; among HIV positive female IDUs (n=16), 13% (n=2) were deportees. The adjusted odds for HIV infection were 4 times higher among male IDUs who were deported than non-deported males IDUs (AOR: 4.00; 95% CI: 1.67-9.44). No statistically significant relationship between HIV and deportation was found among female IDUs.
HIV Risk Behaviors
Deportation history among HIV-positive Latinos in two US-Mexico border communities [46]	Muñoz et al.	2013	San Diego, USA and Tijuana, Mexico	Cross-sectional	HIV-positive Latino patients	Total: 283 Deportees: 71 (25%)	Deported HIV - positive patients were more likely to be male (AOR: 2.77; 95 % CI: 1.18–6.48) and report lifetime cocaine use (AOR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.33– 4.57). HIV-positive deportee patients were significantly less likely to be adherent to their antiretroviral medication (AOR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.12– 0.96), compared to non-deported HIV-positive patients.
US drug use and migration experiences of Mexican female sex workers who are injection drug users [35]	Ojeda et al.	2012	Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico	Cross-sectional	Female sex workers who are injection drug users	Total: 315 Deportees: 39 (12%)	Among US-Mexico migrant FSW-IDUs (n=85), 46% (n=39) were deportees. On average, deported FSW-IDUs experienced nearly 3 lifetime deportation experiences. Independent associations between deportation and ever consuming drugs in the US were not found.
Correlates of self-efficacy for condom use among male clients of female sex workers in Tijuana, Mexico [37]	Volkmann et al.	2012	Tijuana, Mexico	Cross-sectional	Male clients of female sex workers	Total: 400 Deportees: 49 (27%)	Deported males were more likely to have higher self-efficacy for condom use (41 vs. 27%; p=0.01) than non-deported males. This relationship did not remain significant in multivariate analyses.
Male injection drug users try new drugs following US deportation to Tijuana, Mexico [7]	Robertson et al.	2011	Tijuana, Mexico	Cross-sectional	Injection drug users (male)	Total: 328 Deportees: 328 (100%)	One in six male deported IDUs (n=52, 16%) tried new drugs following their most recent deportation. New drugs included heroin (n=31), methamphetamine (N=5), or both drugs combined (n=17). Trying new drugs following deportation was independently associated with increasing numbers of US deportations (AOR: 1.11 per deportation; 95% CI: 1.03-1.20) and feeling sad following most-recent deportation (AOR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.41-5.14).
Cross-border drug injection relationships among injection drug users in Tijuana, Mexico [36]	Wagner et al.	2011	Tijuana, Mexico	Cross-sectional	Injection drug users	Total: 1,056 Deportees: 413 (39%)	Deported IDUs were more likely to have ever injected with someone from the US (53% vs. 27%; p<0.0001), compared to non-deported IDUs.
The Harm Inside: Injection during incarceration among male injection drug users in Tijuana, Mexico [45]	Pollini et al.	2009	Tijuana, Mexico	Cross-sectional	Injection drug users (male)	Total: 898 Deportees: 377 (42%)	IDU male deportees are more likely to report ever being incarcerated versus male IDUs who have not been deported (AOR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.12-2.5).
Deportation along the US-Mexico border: its relation to drug use patterns and accessing care [34]	Brouwer et al.	2009	Tijuana, Mexico	Cross-sectional	Injection drug users	Total: 219 Deportees: 34 (16%)	Compared to non-deported IDUs, IDU deportees were more likely to inject multiple times per day (OR: 5.52; 95% CI: 1.62–18.8), and less likely to access (past 6 months) medical care (OR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.13-1.00; p=0.05), drug treatment (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.19-0.89), or HIV testing (OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.19-1.02; p=0.05).
Social and environmental influences shaping risk factors and protective behaviors in two Mexico-US Border Cities [42]	Ramos et al.	2009	Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico	Cross-sectional	Injection drug users (male)	Total: 428 Deportees: 37 (9%)	IDUs living in Tijuana were 12 times more likely to have been deported from the US compared to those living in Ciudad Juarez. Authors conclude that the high rates of mobility and deportation observed in Tijuana may help explain why IDUs residing in Tijuana were more likely to be homeless, inject outside or at a shooting gallery, and spend the majority of their time ‘on the street.’
Prevalence of risk factors for HIV infection among Mexican migrants and immigrants: Probability survey in the Northern border of Mexico [33]	Rangel et al.	2006	Tijuana, Mexico	Cross-sectional	Mexican migrants and immigrants	Total, 1,429 Deportees: 167 (12%)	The population estimated prevalence of having engaged in non-consensual sex, sex with an IDU, transactional sex, or sex with a transvestite man in the past six-months was highest among deportees (6.1%) compared to migrants returning from the US voluntarily (2.2%) and migrants from other Mexican border regions (2.7%).