Table 2.

Qualitative/ethnographic studies describing social and structural conditions of deportation and HIV risk among Mexican deportees, 2009-2013.

Title	Authors	Year	Location	Study Design	Population	Sample Size	Major Findings
“Right here is the gateway”: mobility, sex work entry and HIV risk along the Mexico–US border [41]	Goldenberg et al.	2013	Tijuana, Mexico	Qualitative study	Formerly trafficked sex workers who currently engage in sex work	Total: 31 Deportees: 3 (10%)	Women described their deportation as abrupt and traumatic, arriving to Tijuana with no plans, money, or social ties. Many engaged in sex work for economic survival and drugs. The process of deportation fostered circumstances that increased vulnerability to being coerced into sex work.
Deportation experiences of women who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico [10]	Robertson et al.	2012	Tijuana, Mexico	Qualitative study	Deported injection drug users (female)	Deportees: 12 (100%)	Women reported arriving to the US as children (median 6 years) and experienced a median of 2.5 lifetime deportations. Heavy drug use after deportation was common. Post-deportation, women experienced heightened economic vulnerability and physical insecurity, increasing drug dependence, emotional distress, and lack of access to drug treatment and other health services. Economic insecurity facilitated engagement into sex work.
A qualitative view of drug use behaviors of Mexican male injection drug users deported from the United States [9]	Ojeda et al.	2011	Tijuana, Mexico	Qualitative study	Deported injection drug users (male)	Deportees: 24 (100%)	Post-deportation, deportees experienced shame and loss of familial, social and economic support that exacerbated drug use and led to a sense of hopelessness and despair. Deportees perceived the social, drug, and economic climates of their new environments as facilitating their drug use behaviors, including relapse, transition into injection drug use, and injecting new drugs.
"Over here, it's just drugs, women and all the madness": The HIV risk environment of clients of female sex workers in Tijuana, Mexico [40]	Goldenberg et al.	2011	Tijuana, Mexico	Qualitative study	Male clients of female sex workers	Total: 30 Deportees: Not specified	Deportation severed important social support networks, including being separated from family and intimate partners. Deportees report searching for intimacy to buffer feelings of social isolation, which resulted in paying for sex with FSWs and drug use simultaneously. The economic strategies employed by deportees in response to social and structural barriers, such as working as middlemen who recruit clients for FSWs, facilitated engagement in high-risk behaviors.
Push back: US deportation policy and the reincorporation of involuntary return migrants in Mexico [43]	Wheatley	2011	Guadalajara, Tepatitlan de Morelos, San Ignacio Cerro Gordoi, and San Pedro Itzican, Mexico	Qualitative study	Migrants and non-migrant informants	Total: 41 Deportees: 12 (29%)	Deportees experience greater stigma, report more diminished emotional and psychological well-being, lack social networks, and return with greater financial insecurity than migrants who return voluntarily.
"People here are alone, using drugs, selling their body": Deportation and HIV vulnerability among clients of female sex workers in Tijuana [38]	Goldenberg et al.	2010	Tijuana, Mexico	Qualitative study	Deported male clients of female sex workers	Deportees: 20 (100%)	Migrants report intense social isolation and economic vulnerability after being deported, which was linked to substance use and unprotected sex with FSWs. Reasons for visiting FSWs included loneliness, lack of a regular partner, being high or drunk, and having a job that results in close contact with FSWs. Paying for sex with FSWs was perceived as being more socially acceptable in Tijuana than in their US communities.
Labor migration, drug trafficking organizations, and drug use: Major challenges for transnational communities in Mexico [44]	Garcia & Gonzalez	2009	Guanajuato, Mexico	Ethnographic	Mexican migrants and deportees	Not specified	Deportees experience social stigma and discrimination after returning to their home communities. Physical (e.g., tattoos, clothing) and cultural (e.g., mannerisms, Spanish language deficiencies) differences associated with being ‘Americanized’ quickly differentiates deportees from ‘locals.’ Deportees are associated with delinquency, gang activity, and drug use and perceived as the cause of social existing problems including increase drug use and crime.