Figure 12. Effects of the FXR blocker Z-guggulsterone (20 µM), as well as the combination of Z-guggulsterone and the four bile acids (CDCA, DCA, LCA, CA) on RRDA recorded from hypoglossal nerves (A, B, C, D).

The last figure specifically shows effects of the above reagents on TI(s) of RRDA (E). (n = 6 independent assays. RC, respiratory cycle; TI, inspiratory time; TE, expiratory time; IA, integral amplitude.)