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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014 Sep 24;22(12):2570–2578. doi: 10.1002/oby.20901

Table 1.

Characteristics of the study sample, overall and according to obese (BMI ≥95th percentile) and lean (BMI<85th percentile) status among 262 Project Viva mother-child pairsa

All
n = 262
Obese
n = 84
Lean
n = 150
Pb

Family & background characteristics
Sociodemographic characteristics
 Child’s age (years) 8.0 ± 0.9 8.2 ± 1.0 7.9 ± 0.8 0.006
 Female, % (N) 50 (131) 61.9 (52) 44.0 (66) 0.009
 Child’s race/ethnicity, % (N) 0.0009
  White 56.3 (147) 38.1 (32) 63.1 (94)
  African American 24.1 (63) 40.5 (34) 17.5 (26)
  Hispanic 6.9 (18) 8.3 (7) 7.4 (11)
  Asian 0.8 (2) 0.0 (0) 1.3 (2)
  Other 11.9 (31) 13.1 (11) 10.7 (16)
 Mother’s age at enrollment (years) 32.0 ± 5.8 30.4 ± 5.7 32.4 ± 5.8 0.009
 Mother completed university education, % (N) 22.2 (58) 16.7 (14) 28.9 (43) 0.04
 Annual household income < 20 K, % (N) 4.2 (10) 7.0 (5) 3.6 (5) 0.27
 Father’s BMI (kg/m2) 26.8 ± 4.0 27.9 ± 4.4 25.9 ± 3.5 0.001
Perinatal & early life characteristics
 Mother’s pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) 26.0 ± 6.0 28.7 ± 7.1 24.4 ± 4.8 <0.0001
 Excessive gestational weight gain, %(N) 58.8 (154) 64.3 (54) 54.0 (81) 0.13
 Gestational diabetes, % (N) 8.4 (22) 4.8 (4) 10.7 (16) 0.12
 C-section delivery, % (N) 19.5 (51) 19.1 (16) 15.4 (23) 0.48
 Mother smoked during pregnancy, % (N) 13.7 (36) 21.4 (18) 11.3 (17) 0.04
 Birthweight for gestational age z-score 0.25 ± 0.97 0.19 ± 1.00 0.21 ± 0.93 0.83
 Duration of breastfeeding (months) 5.9 ± 4.5 4.8 ± 4.4 6.5 ± 4.6 0.01
Characteristics in mid-childhood
Overall adiposity
 DXA total fat mass (kg) 9.4 ± 5.5 15.5 ± 5.1 5.7 ± 1.6 <0.0001
 BMI z-score 0.8 ± 1.1 2.07 ± 0.29 −0.04 ± 0.72 <0.0001
 SS + TR (mm) 24.5 ± 13.3 39.6 ± 11.2 15.7 ± 4.4 <0.0001
Central adiposity
 DXA trunk fat mass (kg) 3.4 ± 2.5 6.1 ± 2.4 1.8 ± 0.6 <0.0001
 Waist circumference (cm) 63.8 ± 11.3 76.6 ± 9.5 56.5 ± 4.3 <0.0001
 SS/TR 0.75 ± 0.23 0.91 ± 0.27 0.67 ± 0.15 <0.0001
Height z-score 0.41 ± 1.04 0.92 ± 0.83 0.08 ± 1.01 <0.0001
Conventional cardiometabolic biomarkers
 Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) 9.7 ± 7.5 14.5 ± 9.7 6.9 ± 3.6 <0.0001
 Fasting glucose (mg/dL) 96.9 ± 16.5 97.5 ± 16.9 97.1 ± 16.9 0.87
 Triglycerides (mg/dL) 62.4 ± 50.8 70.6 ± 35.6 54.9 ± 20.4 <0.0001
 hsCRP (mg/dL) 1.2 ± 3.7 2.7 ± 6.0 0.4 ± 1.1 <0.0001
 IL-6 (pg/mL) 1.1 ± 1.3 1.3 ± 1.3 0.9 ± 1.3 0.04
 Leptin (ng/mL) 8.2 ± 9.7 15.1 ± 12.2 4.7 ± 5.7 <0.0001
Highest quartile of physical activity, % (N) 26.5 (66) 16.7 (13) 31.5 (46) 0.02
Sugar-sweetened beverage intake (servings/day) 0.4 ± 0.7 0.5 ± 0.8 0.3 ± 0.5 0.06
Dietary intake >4 times/week, % (N)
 Fast-food 0.8 (2) 2.6 (2) 0.0 (0) 0.05
 Eggs 8.1 (20) 6.5 (5) 9.0 (13) 0.52
 Whole dairy 43.7 (108) 42.9 (33) 43.5 (63) 0.93
 Margarine 3.2 (8) 2.6 (2) 3.5 (5) 0.73
 Meat 8.1 (20) 5.2 (4) 9.0 (13) 0.31
Pubertal status
 Body hair, % (N) 19.3 (48) 30.8 (24) 14.4 (21) 0.004
 Breast development, girls only % (N) 32.5 (41) 55.1 (27) 13.6 (9) <0.0001
 Deepening of voice, boys only % (N) 6.5 (8) 6.9 (2) 6.3 (5) 0.90
a

Values represent mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated.

b

Pearson’s chi-squared test for categorical variables; Wald test for continuous variables.

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