Table 2.

Plasma metabolite concentrations of obese versus lean children

	Metabolite concentration z-score
	Factor loading	Obese	Lean	Pb
		BMI ≥95th %ile n = 84	BMI <85th %ile n = 150
Factor 4: mean ± SD = 0.00 ± 1.52
Valine	0.83	1.17 ± 2.75	−0.54 ± 2.47	<0.0001
Leucine	0.76	1.38 ± 2.93	−0.37 ± 2.66	<0.0001
Phenylalanine	0.72	1.23 ± 3.02	−0.27 ± 2.66	<0.0001
Isoleucine	0.71	1.18 ± 2.84	−0.37 ± 2.47	<0.0001
Propionylcarnitine (C3)	0.66	0.95 ± 2.66	−0.44 ± 2.29	<0.0001
2-methylbutyrylcarnitine (C5)	0.63	0.80 ± 2.66	−0.03 ± 2.38	0.0002
Isovalerylcarnitine	0.60	1.34 ± 2.75	−0.33 ± 2.38	<0.0001
Isobutyrylcarnitine	0.56	1.19 ± 3.21	0.33 ± 2.84	0.001
Tryptophan	0.54	1.07 ± 3.02	0.21 ± 2.66	0.0007
3-methyl-2-oxovalerate (KMV)	0.52	0.92 ± 2.75	−0.11 ± 2.38	<0.0001
Kynurenine	0.52	0.56 ± 2.93	−0.19 ± 2.57	0.002
Tyrosine	0.51	1.54 ± 2.57	0.04 ± 2.29	<0.0001
Gamma-glutamylleucine	0.51	0.53 ± 2.93	−0.23 ± 2.57	0.002
4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate (KIC)	0.51	0.73 ± 2.75	−0.23 ± 2.38	<0.0001
Factor 9: mean ± SD: 0.00 ± 1.62
4-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol disulfate 1*	0.86	0.61 ± 2.84	−0.49 ± 2.47	<0.0001
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)	0.84	0.45 ± 2.47	−0.41 ± 2.11	<0.0001
Epiandrosterone sulfate	0.79	0.14 ± 2.93	−0.70 ± 2.66	0.0007
Androsterone sulfate	0.79	0.30 ± 2.66	−0.38 ± 2.38	0.002
4-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol disulfate 2*	0.78	0.48 ± 3.21	−0.74 ± 2.84	<0.0001
Pregn steroid monosulfate*	0.76	0.70 ± 2.75	−0.22 ± 2.38	<0.0001
Pregnen-diol disulfate*	0.70	0.30 ± 2.75	−0.14 ± 2.38	0.05
Pregnenolone sulfate	0.65	0.71 ± 3.02	−0.09 ± 2.66	0.002
Andro steroid monosulfate 2*	0.61	0.41 ± 2.66	−0.46 ± 2.38	<0.0001

^aEstimates represent mean ± SD and are adjusted for child’s sex, age, and race/ethnicity.

^bFrom the Wald test.

^*Indicates tier 2 identification in which no commercially available authentic standards could be found, however annotated based on accurate mass, spectral and chromatographic similarity to tier 1 identified compounds.