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. 2014 Nov 11;8:120. doi: 10.1186/s12918-014-0120-4

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© Iranzo and Villoslada; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Conceptual scheme of the immune response. Ags are collected from the environment by specific cells (APCs) that belong to the IIS. Following activation of the IIS by danger signals, probabilistic communication between the IIS and AIS occurs via Ag presentation, permitting the AIS to mount an Ag-specific immune response. The overall immune response is the result of innate and adaptive effector mechanisms.