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. 2014 Feb 14;62(5):804–817. doi: 10.1002/glia.22643

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Copyright © 2014 The Authors Glia Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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The immunomodulatory properties of M2 microglia were evaluated by co-culture with T lymphocytes or M1 macrophages. (A) M2-activated microglia demonstrated a significant reduction in in vitro T-cell proliferative capacity. (B) M2 microglia had the capacity to induce Tregs (CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ cells) de novo by incubating them together with naïve T cells. (C and D) Co-incubation of M2 microglia could modulate the phenotype of M1-activated macrophages by decreasing the expression of CD86 and PD-L1, respectively. ***P < 0.001. Data represent two independent experiments.