Table 4. Comparison between pistachio and water trials for inflammation, oxidative, and immune biomarkers in trained cyclists (N = 19) (mean±SE).
| Variable | Pre-Suppl | Pre-Exercise | Post-Exercise | 1.5-h Post-Exercise | 21-h Post-Exercise | P-values: Time; Interaction |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | ||||||
| Pistachio | 0.70±0.06 | 0.88±0.16 | 9.37±1.67 | 5.79±0.92 | 1.25±0.39 | <0.001 |
| Water | 0.68±0.05 | 1.02±0.28 | 8.77±0.69 | 5.97±0.97 | 0.63±0.05 | 0.521 |
| IL-8 (pg/ml) | ||||||
| Pistachio | 5.04±0.37 | 5.84±0.49 | 13.7±1.5 | 10.7±1.1 | 5.88±0.80 | <0.001 |
| Water | 4.81±0.39 | 5.23±0.42 | 11.8±1.1 | 7.91±0.74 | 4.70±0.33 | 0.420 |
| IL-10 (pg/ml) | ||||||
| Pistachio | 2.14±0.25 | 2.21±0.21 | 38.3±13.7 | 16.7±4.3 | 2.39±0.21 | 0.008 |
| Water | 2.08±0.20 | 2.00±0.19 | 33.7±10.8 | 16.9±4.7 | 2.12±0.24 | 0.861 |
| TNFα (pg/ml) | ||||||
| Pistachio | 3.73±0.19 | 3.86±0.18 | 4.59±0.26 | 4.19±0.23 | 3.76±0.18 | <0.001 |
| Water | 3.67±0.16 | 3.90±0.16 | 4.30±0.20 | 4.10±0.20 | 3.62±0.16 | 0.143 |
| MCP-1 (pg/ml) | ||||||
| Pistachio | 249±9.3 | 271±9.5 | 373±19.6 | 330±16.0 | 245±12.7 | <0.001 |
| Water | 261±11.6 | 267±9.1 | 385±18.9 | 340±22.5 | 230±7.1 | 0.355 |
| GCSF (pg/ml) | ||||||
| Pistachio | 12.1±0.7 | 11.6±0.8 | 16.5±1.3 | 18.4±1.5 | 15.6±1.7 | 0.001 |
| Water | 11.1±0.8 | 12.8±1.0 | 17.7±1.8 | 18.7±2.2 | 15.3±1.5 | 0.431 |
| CRP (mg/L) | ||||||
| Pistachio | 1.12±0.28 | 1.81±0.36 | 1.92±0.40 | 1.75±0.36 | 3.77±0.47 | 0.001 |
| Water | 1.22±0.30 | 1.60±0.36 | 1.71±0.40 | 1.68±0.39 | 5.39±0.82 | 0.037 |
| F2Isop (pg/ml) | ||||||
| Pistachio | 33.0±2.6 | 33.9±2.1 | 57.3±3.8 | 52.6±4.5 | 40.8±3.8 | <0.001 |
| Water | 38.4±3.1 | 45.4±4.7 | 62.5±5.4 | 53.6±3.5 | 36.4±3.1 | 0.035 |
| Leukocytes (109/L) | ||||||
| Pistachio | 5.38±0.24 | 5.33±0.25 | 16.4±0.9 | 12.7±0.6 | 5.41±0.34 | <0.001 |
| Water | 5.21±0.25 | 5.51±0.28 | 16.4±0.9 | 12.7±0.7 | 5.63±0.23 | 0.900 |
| GPHAG (MFI) | ||||||
| Pistachio | 7133±478 | 7948±477 | 12098±625 | 10615±763 | 7079±455 | <0.001 |
| Water | 8122±526 | 8156±564 | 11761±480 | 10733±546 | 7491±458 | 0.319 |
| GOBA (MFI) | ||||||
| Pistachio | 1028±36.3 | 1120±45.5 | 858±31.0 | 858±34.4 | 896±80.4 | <0.001 |
| Water | 1059±27.4 | 1072±31.4 | 902±27.1 | 875±34.7 | 802±98.1 | 0.604 |
IL = interleukin; TNFα = tumor necrosis factor alpha; MCP-1 = monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; GCSF = granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; CRP = C-reactive protein; F2Isop = F2-isoprostanes; GPHAG = granulocyte phagocytosis; GOBA = granulocyte oxidative burst activity; MFI = mean fluorescence intensity.