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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Glia. 2014 Aug 13;63(1):118–131. doi: 10.1002/glia.22738

Figure 6.

Figure 6

TNF-α is pivotal in LPS-induced increase in astroglial GDNF expression. Mixed glia cultures prepared from (A) TNF-α KO or (B) TNF R1/R2 KO mice showed a significant decrease in GDNF mRNA expression 3 hours after LPS (15 ng/ml) stimulation compared to cultures from their respective wild type controls [TNF-α KO, t=5.031, **P<0.001; TNF R1/R2 KO, t=31.96, ***P<0.0001, post hoc analysis by Bonferroni t-test compared to wild type treated with LPS for 3 hour cultures]. Due to the great difference of GDNF mRNA level between 0 and 3 hours after LPS stimulation, we set maximum value as 100%. Data were presented as percent of GDNF mRNA expression with respect to the expression of the wild type cultures treated with LPS for 3 hours. Data shows mean ± SEM from three independent experiments, each done in duplicate.